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Report: Sustainability in Audi AG

Self-awareness and Careers Task 7 Environmental Sustainability in Audi AG By 1213666 To: Romas Malevicius 22. 11. 2012 Table of substance List of Figures Summary Introduction 1 Audi AG Sustainability Procedures 1. 1 Technologies 1. 2 Waste and water the executives 2. Maintainability as a piece of Audi’s CSR 2. 1 Audi Environmental Foundation 2. 2 Environmental Pact for Bavaria and EMAS 2. 4 Recognition 3. Analysis 3. 1 General analysis towards the car business 3. 2 â€Å"Greenwashing† Conclusions Bibliography List of figures * Figure 1. 3 p. 7 From: http://wip. audi. no/photoalbum/see/? ize=org&id=15902&type=1 (Accessed 21. 11. 2012) Summary This report covers Audi AG’s current operational and key methodology for natural supportability. It sees manageability as a feature of the company’s Corporate Social Responsibility and perspectives basic investigation of the car business to empower making adjusted ends. Presentation A report by the United Natio ns entitled Our Common Future (1987) characterized maintainable improvement as ‘development, which addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues. Also, alleged ‘intergenerational equity’ has stayed a subject in characterizing ecological manageability. Basically it implies looking for the minimization of any unfavorable (long haul) impacts on people in the future. The point of this report is to research the realizations of the previously mentioned standards in the corporate activities of Audi AG. Audi AG is an engine vehicle maker, which involves the brands Audi, Ducati and Lamborghini. It is a global organization (MNE) that utilizes somewhere in the range of 46,000 individuals and has a yearly yield of more than 1,3 million units.Audi AG is a piece of Volkswagen Group, headquartered from Ingolstadt, Germany. 1. Audi AG Sustainability Procedures 1. 1 Technologies Audi concedes that a vehicle producer can never profess to positively affect nature. They are, in any case, putting billions of pounds in dependable advancements. These incorporate lightweight space outlines, diesel motors and Start-Stop advances. The motivation behind these is to decrease fuel utilization and henceforth cut CO2 emanations. 1. 2 Waste and water the board Audi’s trademark ‘Advancement Through Technology’ basically plots the company’s standard of consistent innovation.The brand esteems likewise express that corporate exercises are â€Å"shaped by the longing to safeguard assets and adopt a capable strategy to the environment†. They have embraced various activities to present these standards. For example, mechanical production system squander is isolated and arranged nearby and bundling is improved in the arranging stage, which lessen transport needs considerably. Audi utilizes different wellsprings of vitality, for example, a nearby waste handling plant and the Combined Heat, Cooling and Power creation office (CHCP) in the Ingolstadt factory.Together they spare the organization 37,000 tons of CO2 every year. For vehicle creation the organization gathers water. They likewise feed 96. 3 percent of absolute water into a shut circle framework, so just an extremely limited quantity of water is lost. Additionally, Audi supports reusing vehicle parts and batteries. Accordingly their creation yield has significantly expanded over the most recent two decades yet generally speaking vitality use has remained basically the equivalent. Figure 1. 3. Figure 1. 3 shows the abatement in squander water volume per vehicle in Audi’d fundamental creation plants in Germany between the years 1990 and 1999.The complete lessening is 4,5m3/vehicle in Neckarsulm and correspondingly 2,3m3/vehicle in Ingolstadt. 2. Manageability as a piece of Audi’s CSR 2. 1 Audi Environmental Foundation Audi’s pledge to nature and society is an indispensable piec e of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The most convincing evindence is the Audi Environmental Foundation Ltd. , which makes willful move in natural, social and financial issues by leading and subsidizing research ventures. 2. 2 Environmental Pact for Bavaria and EMASAudi was an organizer individual from the Environmental Pact for Bavaria, which currently incorporates around 1,350 organizations. The Pact was framed in 1995 as a deliberate understanding between the Bavarian business and government to help out nature. The Pact incorporates Audi’s European plants taking an interest in the EC Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). The motivation behind this is to present an ecological administration framework, which improves operational natural insurance on location. 2. 4 RecognitionBased on the previously mentioned strategies it tends to be expressed that as a vehicle producer Audi is progressed in advancing maintainability. Audi has likewise gotten acknowledgment fo r this, for example, the 2012 Logistics Sustainability Prize. Audi works steadily to improve its picture as a â€Å"green† organization. Audi of America President Johan de Nysschen’s talked at the company’s 100th Anniversary festivity in 2009 (Audi MediaServices, 2009): â€Å"We and our purchasers (likewise) need to drive at something better †a progressively manageable future.  The organization likewise distributed a business for the 2010 Super Bowl entitled â€Å"Green Police† where they track down Americans who stick to carbon-threatening practices. This was viewed as a difference in showcasing technique and it got blended audits. 3. Analysis 3. 1 General analysis towards the car business The appearance of thousands of engine vehicles in huge urban areas has given the contamination issue totally new measurements. Research shows that vehicle fumes contributes half of the (climatic) toxins in huge urban communities and adds to the â€Å"Greenhous e effect† raising the Earth’s temperature.Among different producers, Audi has thus done advancements of elective force sources, for example, electric and inner ignition motors, which gives them a serious edge. 3. 2 â€Å"Greenwashing† Greenwashingâ is a type of purposeful publicity in Public Relations (PR) where green promoting is misleadingly used to make a hallucination of an association's points and arrangements being earth well disposed. In the wake of distributing their 2010 Super Bowl business â€Å"Green Police† Audi was blamed for greenwashing. Making what is seen as a really earth cordial technique in the entirety of their utilitarian regions is one of their biggest current challenges.A quote from Jamey Boiter's Brand Innovatr blog (Fast Company, 2010): â€Å"†¦Audi are advancing ††They should focus on this advancement in everything about their brands, from item improvement to interchanges to industry contribution, to demonstrat e they are not greenwashing. † One of Audi’s qualities is that they have been engaged with mindful ventures for a considerable length of time, going back to up to 1960. That being stated, their most critical rivals, for example, BMW and Mercedes Benz are progressively beginning to grasp feasible systems, which shapes a potential danger to Audi.Conclusions The car business is as yet seen as perhaps the biggest specialist of unfriendly impacts to the earth. Because of purchasers getting increasingly refined and taught on ecological maintainability, the opposition in the business gets progressively extraordinary. It very well may be prescribed for Audi to move their showcasing system significantly more towards manageability and practice item separation to this course at whatever point conceivable. Audi should take a stab at shaking off the â€Å"greenwashing† claims and seeming to be a really capable corporation.Taking bit of leeway of the decades’ worth of e xperience and information that they have accumulated could do this and conceivably gain them a head start from their rivals. Word check: 1000 Bibliography Abuelsamid, S. 2009. Autobloggreen: Audi to add sun oriented capacity to Ingolstadt factory,(online) Available at: http://green. autoblog. com/2009/12/16/audi-to-add-sun powered capacity to-ingolstadt-central station processing plant/(Accessed 21. 11. 2012) Audi AG, 2012. Audi Environmental Foundation Ltd. , (on the web) Available at: http://www. audi-umweltstiftung. de/auws/brand/de. html (Accessed 22. 11. 2012)Audi AG, 2012. Experience: The Audi Sustainability Magazine, (on the web) Available at: http://www. audi-diaries. de/eJournals/mz3/2. 0. 7/index_dialoge_en_2010. html#/0 (Accessed 22. 11. 2012) Audi AG, 2000. Break Review: Environment Report of AUDI AG, (on the web) Available at: http://wip. audi. no/photoalbum/see/? size=org&id=15902&type=1 (Accessed 22. 11. 2012) Audi AG, 2012. Vorsprung Durch Technik: Environmen tal Protection at Audi, (on the web) Available at: http://www. audi. com/com/brand/en/organization/environmental_protection/items/reusing. html#source=http://www. audi. om/com/brand/en/organization/environmental_protection/environmental_protection_at_audi. html&container=page (Accessed 22. 11. 2012) Audi MediaServices, 2012. Public statement: Audi granted the 2012 Logistics Sustainability Prize, (on the web) Available at: https://www. audi-mediaservices. com/distribute/ms/content/en/open/pressemitteilungen/2012/03/16/audi_awarded_the_2012. html (Accessed 21. 11. 2012)â Audi United Kingdom, 2012. : Environment, (on the web) Available at: http://www. audi. co. uk/about-audi/condition. html (Accessed 22. 11. 2012) Audi United Kingdom, 2012. Audi ‘green’ issues and manageability, (on the web) Available at: http://www. udi. co. uk/content/dam/audi/creation/PDF/Fleet/FleetSalesPDF231209/Audi_Green_issues_and_Sustainability_Jan2010. pdf (Accessed 21. 11. 2012) Boiter, J. 2010. Quick Company: Can Brands Launch Sustainable Campaigns Without Being Accused of Greenwashing? , (on the web) Available at: http://www. fastcompany. com/1563389/can-brands-dispatch reasonable battles without-being-denounced greenwashing (Accessed 21. 11. 2012) Britannica Encyclopedia, 2012. Car Industry, (on the web) Available

Stanley Milgram Biography His Influence on Psychology

Stanley Milgram Biography His Influence on Psychology History and Biographies Print Stanley Milgram Psychologist Biography By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 22, 2019 Isabelle Adam/Flickr/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist best-remembered for his now infamous obedience experiments.?? His research demonstrated how far people are willing to go to obey authority. His experiments are also remembered for their ethical issues, which contributed to changes in how experiments can be performed today. Learn more about his life, legacy, and influence on psychology in this brief biography. Best Known For The Milgram Obedience Experiment??Familiar Stranger??The Small World Experiment?? Early Life Stanley Milgram was born on August 15, 1933, to a family of Jewish immigrants in New York City. Milgram attended James Monroe High School, where he quickly earned a reputation as a hard worker and a strong leader and completed high school in just three years. One of his classmates was future social psychologist Philip Zimbardo. He earned his Bachelors in Political Science from Queens College in 1954. At this point, his interests shifted to psychology, but he was initially rejected from Harvard Universitys graduate program in Social Relations since he had never taken a single psychology course during his undergraduate years. He was eventually able to gain admission and went on to earn his Ph.D. in Social Psychology in 1960 under the direction of psychologist Gordon Allport.?? Career and Famous Obedience Experiments During his graduate studies, Milgram had spent a year working as a research assistant to Solomon Asch who was interested in conformity in social groups.?? Aschs famous conformity experiment involved having participants judge the length of a line. Milgram was inspired by the study  and went on to perform a similar experiment that would make him famous. He began working at Yale in 1960 and started conducting his obedience experiments in 1961. In these experiments, participants were ordered by an authority figure to deliver increasingly strong electrical shocks to another person. In reality, the other person was a confederate in the experiment and was simply pretending to be shocked.?? Surprisingly, 65 percent of the participants were willing to deliver the maximum voltage shocks under orders from the experimenter.?? In 1963, Milgram returned to teach at Harvard for a few years  but was not offered tenure largely due to the controversy swirling around him thanks to his infamous obedience experiments. City University of New York (CUNY) asked him to head up their newly formed social psychology program and in 1974 he published his book Obedience to Authority.?? Milgram remained at CUNY until his death on December 20,  1984, from a heart attack. Contributions to Psychology The 19 different experiments that Milgram conducted on obedience demonstrated that people were willing to obey an authority figure even if the actions went against their morals. The experiments are well-known today, mentioned in virtually every introductory psychology textbook. While Milgram himself was known for his concern for the well-being of his participants, his work was often harshly criticized for the possible negative emotional impact it had on subjects.?? Part of the reason why the American Psychological Association established standards for working with human subjects and why Institutional Review Boards exist today is because of Milgrams work. In his 2004 biography, author Thomas Blass noted that social psychology is often dismissed as something that simply proves so-called common sense.?? Through his surprising results, Milgram was able to demonstrate that the things we think we know about ourselves and our behavior in social groups may not necessarily be true. In essence, Milgram was able to shine a light on a subtopic of psychology that some may view as unimportant, but that in reality reveals important truths about human behavior. A substantial proportion of people do what they are told to do, irrespective of the content of the act, and without pangs of conscience, so long as they perceive that the command comes from a legitimate authority, Milgram explained of his work.?? A Word From Verywell Milgrams research on obedience shocked people back during the 1960s, but his findings are just as relevant and stunning to this day. While recent findings have suggested that there may have been problems with his experimental procedures, replications of his work have found that people are surprisingly willing to obey authority figures - even when they know the orders they are following are wrong.

A Multicultural Education - 956 Words

The statics in the Kim article were staggering. Being in education for 17 years I have personally seen the change in the student demographics. However Kim summarizes the truth that the demography of the educators has not changed. The introduction focuses on the state of crisis in education involving the achievement gap. This study is focused not just on ethnicity, but also socioeconomic status. From this study the cause to look at multicultural education is very evident. The main area of the paper will explore the varied approaches to dealing with multiculturalism and the critiques of all the misconceptions and the impact of whiteness. Kim relays the four phases of multicultural education: incorporating ethnic studies into school curricula, total school reform for educational equality, inclusion of other minority groups by incorporating their history and culture into the curriculum, and analyzing the differences of race, class and gender. In order to move forward with the implementation of multicultural education, educators most be made more aware of integrating content, building a diverse knowledge base which is delivered equitably in the classroom, and making the culture part of the every day educational routine. According to Kim, in order to feel successful with the implementation, there are several approaches which schools can take. The contribution approach is simply identifying with the icons and holidays of the culture. The additive approach is embeddingShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Education And Multicultural Schools1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction There have been multiple definitions for Multicu ltural definition which has become so imperative. Multicultural education alludes to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds (Bank).America is considered to be a â€Å"melting pot† because of the many people who have immigrated in search of a better life. Immigrants have brought with them their own unique cultures. Different gendersRead MoreMulticultural Education : A Multicultural Classroom960 Words   |  4 PagesAn additional aspect to a perfect education system would be the use of multicultural education in schools. Multicultural education creates a comfortable environment for students of all races and ethnicities to learn in by combining a variety of ideals about teaching. According to Geneva Gay, the creator of multicultural education, one of these ideals is understanding the cultural characteristics and cultural contributions of different ethnic groups, su ch as the values of different ethnic groups,Read MoreMulticultural Education : A Truly Multicultural Mosaic1259 Words   |  6 PagesMulticultural education incorporates the idea that all students- regardless of their gender, social class, and ethnic, racial, or cultural characteristics- should have an equal opportunity to learn in school, (Banks Banks, 2010, p. 3.) For centuries our country, the United States of America, has been known as the â€Å"melting pot† in a sense that our world was moving towards multiculturalism. Some see the old metaphor, the â€Å"melting pot† fading away within the last decade and has grown into a new term(s)Read MoreMulticultural Education And Educational Education770 Words   |  4 Pagesthe definition of multicultural education is defined in sociopolitical context and relates to comprehension of school reform. Namely, the multicultural education works in reforming schools and providing an equal and excellent education for everyone. Likewise, the author gave a definition of multicultural education based on her experience surrounding education environment. She divides multicultural education into seven basic characteristics: antiracist education, basic education, important for allRead MoreIssues in Multicultural Education900 Words   |  4 PagesIssues in Multicultural Education Effective instructors must understand the issues that impact multicultural education in the United States. The significance of providing an eminence instruction in an unbiased approach to all of their students is essential. The tide of demographic changes in the United States has affected most classrooms in our schools. As a result, some classroom teachers realize they must quickly acquire a comprehensive understanding of ethnic, cultural, and social-class diversityRead MoreEssay on Multicultural Education1681 Words   |  7 PagesMulticultural Education History/Past Challenges: One of the major goals of the American school system is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the needRead MoreThe Importance Of Multicultural Education901 Words   |  4 Pagescurriculum is critical to achieving a multicultural school setting for students. The implications of my findings for teaching and learning are that educators need to better evaluate their texts and curriculum that they use with their students. In Becoming a Multicultural Educator, author James Banks explains that every student should receive an education of high quality and with that they should attain skills that will help them to flourish in a multicultural world (196). Also on page 196, authorRead MoreThe Problem Of Multicultural Education Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesProblem in Multicultural Education The common topic of the three articles is multicultural education. In the article, â€Å"Faculty perceptions of multicultural teaching in a large urban university,† the authors believe that â€Å"lack of understanding of multicultural teaching is evident in spite of the growing literature on theories of multicultural education and data documenting best practices† (Bigatti, S. M., et. al, 2012, p. 78). The authors of this article defines the meaning of the multicultural teachingRead MoreMulticultural Education And Its Importance1205 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Education and Its Importance in Schools and Society. Multicultural education is a term used to describe a wide variety of programs and practices. Multicultural instruction may be a thought alternately an idea that know understudies ought to have an rise to good fortune to take in over class in any case about their gender, social class, Also racial/cultural qualities. Multicultural training will be likewise a instructive change development. It includes downright one school alternatelyRead MoreMulticultural Education Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural education refers to applying various aspects of different learning styles and techniques to reach children of different racial, cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Because the extent of these variations is so diverse, educationists have begun to integrate material within the classroom to ensure each child is efficiently and equally benefitting scholastically. There are some Americans however, who disagree with multicultural education; these people think that multicultural education

Analysis Of The Poem War - 1504 Words

Ribeiro 6 Manley (leader of the PNP), and Edward Seaga (leader of JLP) to the stage and asked them to shake hands and the two men united in front of their people. In Marley’s interview he says â€Å"at this moment everybody was one† (Marley 1:45:50). His wife Rita Marley said that no matter the circumstance he always had the capability to bring people together through his music. â€Å"His [Marley’s] popularity with people of both PNP and JLP was being increasingly perceived as forming a bridge to a unified nation† (Sheridan 63). In Marley’s 1976 song â€Å"War†, he is addressing the current conflict between the different conflicting political parties in Jamaica and focuses on ways to eliminate any disputes between the different ideologies. This song is†¦show more content†¦He strived to not only bridge gaps between the conflicting political parties of Jamaica but also any conflicting races around the world. He addresses this point through these lyrics reading, â€Å"That until there no longer first class and second class citizens of [any nation]†¦Me say war† (â€Å"War† 1976). By stating any nation, Marley is addressing his message to a universal audience rather than just to the people of Jamaica. Marley believes that as long as social standards are evident within a nation, war will continue. Through his music he aspired to eliminate these social standards and instead attempted to promote equality, but Marley sings as if these social standards will forever remain, à ¢â‚¬Å"the dream of lasting peace, world citizenship, Rule of international morality, Will remain in but a fleeting illusion to be pursued, But never attained.† (â€Å"War† 1976). Marley believes that it will be up to the people to decide whether to pursue this unity, but he also understands the difficulties of bringing so many together as one. Although Marley writes this song directly for the conflicting political parties of Jamaica, __________ 5 Libretto is a term used in musical analysis referring to the text of any vocal work Ribeiro 8 the song is left ambiguous and can be applied to any injustice system of any nation. However, MarleyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Poem War Photographer1435 Words   |  6 PagesWar Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy In his darkroom he is finally alone with spools of suffering set out in ordered rows. The only light is red and softly glows, as though this were a church and he a priest preparing to intone a Mass. Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh. All flesh is grass. He has a job to do. Solutions slop in trays beneath his hands which did not tremble then though seem to now. Rural England. to ordinary pain which simple weather can dispel, to fields which dont explode beneathRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem War Is Hell 1826 Words   |  8 PagesSandra Gonzalez Enix- 7th Hour War Is Hell 29 September 2014 Insert Title Here Hero. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, a hero is defined as â€Å"any person, male or female, admired for courage, nobility, etc.† (Webster’s New World Dictionary, â€Å"hero 1†). Webster’s Pocket Dictionary, comparably, defines a hero as â€Å"a person of great courage, spirit, etc., especially one who has undergone great danger or difficulty† (Webster’s Pocket Dictionary, â€Å"hero 3†). Heroes are not born heroes. Yes, everyoneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem War Photographer By Carol Ann Duffy2591 Words   |  11 Pagesexperiences and the issues it raises for the living. Death is rife during global conflicts and some poets use their craft to show the pain and suffering aspects of death. ‘War Photographer’ by Carol Ann Duffy presents people’s death through both literal and figurative lexis. It uses the metaphorical lens of a camera to create an opinion about war and the role of media is report ing it humanely. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ by Chinua Achebe presents the suffering and torment of death with strong sensory imageryRead More Analysis of Bruce Dawes Anti-War Poem, Homecoming Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesAn anti-war poem inspired by the events of the Vietnam War, Homecoming inspires us to think about the victims of the war: not only the soldiers who suffered but also the mortuary workers tagging the bodies and the families of those who died in the fighting. The author, Australian poet Bruce Dawe, wrote the poem in response to a news article describing how, at Californian Oaklands Air /Base, at one end of the airport families were farewelling their sons as they left for Vietnam and at the other endRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est And The Horrors Of War Poem Analysis1425 Words   |  6 Pagescan actually be taken seriously in light of war poetry. Although the soldiers in World War I did not literally fight with swords, their experiences in combat were beyond appalling, and some might say, beyond describable by words. Poetry, however, is a very powerful form of expression, and when written by someone who has experienced the horrors of war, it can deeply convey the grim reality of war. Utilising personal experiences and pre-war ideology, World War I poets Wilfred Owens and Rupert Brookes’Read MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy1660 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy I. 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Read MoreLeda and the Swan Notes763 Words   |  4 PagesTrojan War was fought over. Analysis on form The poem is a sonnet-it has 14 lines. Each of the lines has 10 beats to it. Yeats plays with a loose rhyme scheme. The general pattern is ABAB CDCD EFGEFG. But some of the rhymes are only slant rhymes, like push and rush, or up and drop. The first nine lines of Leda and the Swan describe the act of rape from Ledas perspective. The last five lines of the poem narrate the consequences of the act, both for humanity (the Trojan War) and forRead MoreAnalysis Of Remember And War Photographer 1226 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Literature: Analysis of the portrayal of death in, â€Å"Remember† and â€Å"War Photographer†: The two poems I am writing about today, â€Å"Remember† by Christina Rossetti and, â€Å"War Photographer† by Carol Anne Duffy are both poetical works associated with dying and also within â€Å"Remember† the apprehensiveness of the afterlife. â€Å"Remember† is written in first person, the poet is the speaker, and is contemplating various events which will happen after one has died or a loved one. â€Å"War Photographer† is inRead MoreA Comparison between Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est1347 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poems context as well as the origin of the actual passage and how it is created by the influence on each writers own experience. Additionally, the analysis will similarly focus on more intimate elements of each poem such as the attitude towards war at the time that they were written and how the author shows there own attitude and beliefs towards war (The Myth of War). Furthermore the essay will conclude by contextualising the language and structure of each poem, by

A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections Free Essays

Following the Industrial Revolution of the Nineteenth Century, the federal government of the United States pursued the enactment of various laws to protect the rights of individual laborers. This was primarily spawned at the insistence of labor unions, which were legalized in the same time period. Throughout the following century, a number of revisions and improvements were made upon these laws, to the point where at the present individual workers enjoy the full legal protections of the United States government at their places of employment. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections or any similar topic only for you Order Now These federal statutes cover all areas from age discrimination to discrimination against those with disabilities. One major statute is based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against a worker on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This applies to not only treatment on the job, but to all aspects of the employment process, including hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, job training, classification, and referral. Employers are prohibited from showing preference while advertising or recruiting. For example, an employer may not post advertisements for a position that are tailored exclusively to a particular gender, or insinuate during the hiring process that individuals fitting a certain description are more likely to be hired. (Department of Labor.) Falling under the same statute, employers cannot dismiss an employee for any of the above classifications, and cannot pay less on the basis of gender, race, etc. This was a common practice before the creation of such protections, as in many circumstances women were paid much less for working the same jobs that men were being paid much higher to complete. In addition to this, the federal statutes prohibit child labor, which means in most states that workers under the ages of 18 or 16 are subject to certain restrictions in the number of hours a week they may work, and other aspects of working the job including the use of tools and operation of machinery. (Department of Labor.) As well, Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act prohibits employers of fifteen or more employees to discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities. This law is inapplicable in some circumstances. Obviously, if an individual is disabled in such a way so as to make them wholly unable to perform the duties of a given job, it is not considered discrimination for the employer to refuse to hire them. However, in some cases involving minor mental illness, where individuals are still able to adequately perform the function of a job, which may or may not require less skill, employers are not permitted to discriminate on the basis of the disability, and are subject to being penalized if they are discovered doing so. (Andrade.) The federal government left some areas of employment protection to be decided by the individual states. One example of this is minimum wage. Though there is a fairly low standard of minimum wage established by the federal government, individual states may establish a higher minimum wage. In the case of Puerto Rico, the minimum wage is $5.15 per hour worked, though over the summer of 2006 members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation to raise this minimum wage to $5.40. This minimum wage only applies to employers who are covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Employers not covered by the FLSA may pay their workers much lower rates, close to $3.00 per hour. (Department of Labor.) Even so, Puerto Rico is said to have some of the most strictly regulated labor laws within United States jurisdiction. This is due in part to highly successful labor movements within the territory. All federal statutes regarding labor apply to states, and this includes territories such as Puerto Rico. If these regulations are not followed, the Department of Labor will intervene in some manner and enforce the law. At a minimum, Puerto Rican labor laws must comply with the labor laws established by the federal government of the United States. (Andrade.) In some areas, Puerto Rico has gone above and beyond the minimum established standards. As mentioned, the House of Representatives has made an effort to raise the minimum wage. As well, the territory has established the Puerto Rico Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which enforces the Occupational Safety and Health Act of Puerto Rico (OSHA). Among other things, this act guarantees to each employee in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico â€Å"safe and healthful working conditions†. Employers must ensure that each employee has a job and jobsite free of hazards which may cause death or physical injury. (Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Serrano.) Employers must also obey all occupational safety and health standards, and any rules or regulations that are applicable to the worksite. This includes federal statutes, as well as Puerto Rican laws. This is enforced through the use of inspections, which are conducted on the basis of priority in the following order: imminent danger, fatalities/catastrophes investigations, complaint/referral investigations, programmed inspections, and follow-up inspections to ensure that any necessary modifications have been carried out by the employer. An additional measure established a Boiler and Elevator Inspection Program, the title of which is self-explanatory. In this program, inspectors ascertain the safety of boilers and elevators on jobsites, judging all aspects including manufacture, installment, and safe operation. These measures, while adopted by several other states, are not specifically enforced or provided by the federal government. Contrary to the bad reputation that many labor sites outside of the continental United States have earned, Puerto Rico vigorously follows federal standards of employment protection, and has made initiatives to improve upon the federal model. With a decent minimum wage, laws promoting safe workplaces, and an administration in place that actively inspects employers to ensure the enforcement of these laws, Puerto Rico has been deemed by many to be a safe, profitable place for laborers to work. Works Cited Andrade, N (2006, October 4). Puerto Rico-State-Labor Law Center Blog. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from Labor Law Center Web site: http://blog.laborlawcenter.com/category/state/puerto-rico Author Unknown, (2006). Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from ToPuertoRico.org Web site: http://www.topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml Author Unknown, Puerto Rico State Information Page. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from U.S. Department of Labor Web site: http://www.osha.gov/oshdir/stateprogs/Puerto_Rico.html Serrano, M, Labor Laws Weigh Heavily on Puerto Rico’s Employers. (2005, August 25). Puerto Rico Herald, http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues2/2005/ vol09n34/ CBLaborLaws.shtml How to cite A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections, Papers

A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections Free Essays

Following the Industrial Revolution of the Nineteenth Century, the federal government of the United States pursued the enactment of various laws to protect the rights of individual laborers. This was primarily spawned at the insistence of labor unions, which were legalized in the same time period. Throughout the following century, a number of revisions and improvements were made upon these laws, to the point where at the present individual workers enjoy the full legal protections of the United States government at their places of employment. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections or any similar topic only for you Order Now These federal statutes cover all areas from age discrimination to discrimination against those with disabilities. One major statute is based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against a worker on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This applies to not only treatment on the job, but to all aspects of the employment process, including hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, job training, classification, and referral. Employers are prohibited from showing preference while advertising or recruiting. For example, an employer may not post advertisements for a position that are tailored exclusively to a particular gender, or insinuate during the hiring process that individuals fitting a certain description are more likely to be hired. (Department of Labor.) Falling under the same statute, employers cannot dismiss an employee for any of the above classifications, and cannot pay less on the basis of gender, race, etc. This was a common practice before the creation of such protections, as in many circumstances women were paid much less for working the same jobs that men were being paid much higher to complete. In addition to this, the federal statutes prohibit child labor, which means in most states that workers under the ages of 18 or 16 are subject to certain restrictions in the number of hours a week they may work, and other aspects of working the job including the use of tools and operation of machinery. (Department of Labor.) As well, Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act prohibits employers of fifteen or more employees to discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities. This law is inapplicable in some circumstances. Obviously, if an individual is disabled in such a way so as to make them wholly unable to perform the duties of a given job, it is not considered discrimination for the employer to refuse to hire them. However, in some cases involving minor mental illness, where individuals are still able to adequately perform the function of a job, which may or may not require less skill, employers are not permitted to discriminate on the basis of the disability, and are subject to being penalized if they are discovered doing so. (Andrade.) The federal government left some areas of employment protection to be decided by the individual states. One example of this is minimum wage. Though there is a fairly low standard of minimum wage established by the federal government, individual states may establish a higher minimum wage. In the case of Puerto Rico, the minimum wage is $5.15 per hour worked, though over the summer of 2006 members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation to raise this minimum wage to $5.40. This minimum wage only applies to employers who are covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Employers not covered by the FLSA may pay their workers much lower rates, close to $3.00 per hour. (Department of Labor.) Even so, Puerto Rico is said to have some of the most strictly regulated labor laws within United States jurisdiction. This is due in part to highly successful labor movements within the territory. All federal statutes regarding labor apply to states, and this includes territories such as Puerto Rico. If these regulations are not followed, the Department of Labor will intervene in some manner and enforce the law. At a minimum, Puerto Rican labor laws must comply with the labor laws established by the federal government of the United States. (Andrade.) In some areas, Puerto Rico has gone above and beyond the minimum established standards. As mentioned, the House of Representatives has made an effort to raise the minimum wage. As well, the territory has established the Puerto Rico Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which enforces the Occupational Safety and Health Act of Puerto Rico (OSHA). Among other things, this act guarantees to each employee in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico â€Å"safe and healthful working conditions†. Employers must ensure that each employee has a job and jobsite free of hazards which may cause death or physical injury. (Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Serrano.) Employers must also obey all occupational safety and health standards, and any rules or regulations that are applicable to the worksite. This includes federal statutes, as well as Puerto Rican laws. This is enforced through the use of inspections, which are conducted on the basis of priority in the following order: imminent danger, fatalities/catastrophes investigations, complaint/referral investigations, programmed inspections, and follow-up inspections to ensure that any necessary modifications have been carried out by the employer. An additional measure established a Boiler and Elevator Inspection Program, the title of which is self-explanatory. In this program, inspectors ascertain the safety of boilers and elevators on jobsites, judging all aspects including manufacture, installment, and safe operation. These measures, while adopted by several other states, are not specifically enforced or provided by the federal government. Contrary to the bad reputation that many labor sites outside of the continental United States have earned, Puerto Rico vigorously follows federal standards of employment protection, and has made initiatives to improve upon the federal model. With a decent minimum wage, laws promoting safe workplaces, and an administration in place that actively inspects employers to ensure the enforcement of these laws, Puerto Rico has been deemed by many to be a safe, profitable place for laborers to work. Works Cited Andrade, N (2006, October 4). Puerto Rico-State-Labor Law Center Blog. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from Labor Law Center Web site: http://blog.laborlawcenter.com/category/state/puerto-rico Author Unknown, (2006). Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from ToPuertoRico.org Web site: http://www.topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml Author Unknown, Puerto Rico State Information Page. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from U.S. Department of Labor Web site: http://www.osha.gov/oshdir/stateprogs/Puerto_Rico.html Serrano, M, Labor Laws Weigh Heavily on Puerto Rico’s Employers. (2005, August 25). Puerto Rico Herald, http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues2/2005/ vol09n34/ CBLaborLaws.shtml How to cite A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections, Papers

Ingmar Bergman free essay sample

I know that he wrote the scripts for most of his films and won awards for many of them. As I know in the focus of his attention peoples fates are put. His characters are isolated people who suffer from the harsh realities of the cruel world In which they live. Exactly! And as you probably know he also had few contacts with reality or channels to it. He was a very isolated child. Besides he suffered from an almost complete lack of words. He lived in a private world of his dreams, being afraid of everything. Playing with his puppet theatre and a projection device he had his only form of self-expression. Sure, I should say that writing wasnt his cup of tea, because of lack of words. It had always been very difficult for Bergman to tind the word he wanted. In spite ot It he wrote really cool scripts! He is a creator of a special world. We will write a custom essay sample on Ingmar Bergman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I should add that for Bergman words were not satisfying. He had an enormous need for contact with an audience. The director didnt want people to understand his films he wanted their teelings. Thats why he had never wanted to shot his films in colour as it forces people to imagine and to feel the corours. I cant but agree with you, Alla. You know, *Wild Strawberries Impressed e so much! I guess that the plot is autobiographic in some way. Even the main character Isak Borg has the same initials as the author of the script. At first the whole story about the old professor seems you d little bit strange Ah, you mean his dreams? Yes, it either confused me in some way. Its difficult to understand the majority of Bergmans films since the distinction between reality and the world of the imagination Is blurred. But It wouldnt be Bergman If all these films were simple to understand. They make you think. You know when you told me that Bergmans films re able to make you think I hadnt realized how. But now Im sure you hit the right nail on the head. By the way, did you know that Bergman was nominated for 9 Oscars? But he won 4 of them. Yea, sure. He won a great amount of different awards. Which of actors did you like most of all? As for me I was fascinated by Bibi Anderson! shes so pretty and talented. couldnt but believe her. And you? well I liked Victor Shestrem very much-n He didnt act his role, but lived it! Its incredible! unfortunately this actor died in 2 years after the film was shown to the public. He was rather old and It was hard tor Mr. Bergman to persuade him acting In Wild strawberries. I see. By the way I want to say that the music in this movie is stupendousl It even made me creepy all over! Yes! It Impressed me too. It was tense and alerting, telling us about the emotional mood ot the characters. Sure. IVe bought a new disk with the film called The silence. Lets watch it together! With a great pleasure really, its too good to be true! Im Joking. So did you like it? Awfully! Its tremendous. realities of the cruel world in which they live. Exactly! And as you probably know he projection device he had his only form of self-expression. Sure. I should say that writing wasnt his cup of tea, because of lack of words. It had always been very difficult for Bergman to find the word he wanted. In spite of it he wrote really cool didnt want people to understand his films he wanted their feelings. Thats why he the corours. I cant but agree with you, Alla. You know, Wild Strawberries impressed story about the old professor seems you a little bit strange Ah, you mean his imagination is blurred. But it wouldnt be Bergman if all these films were simple to are able to make you think I hadnt realized how. But now Im sure you hit the right Shes so pretty and talented. I couldnt but believe her. And you? Well I liked Victor Shestrem very much. He didnt act his role, but lived it! Its incredible! Unfortunately and it was hard for Mr. Bergman to persuade him acting in Wild Strawberries. I see. By the way I want to say that the music in this movie is stupendous! It even made me creepy all over! Yes! It impressed me too. It was tense and alerting, telling us about the emotional mood of the characters. Sure. IVe bought a new disk with the film called The silence. Lets watch it together! With a great pleasure!

Free Essays on Sex

We have all watched TV in our lives one point or another. We have all seen many commercial’s where they will have some attractive women selling a product. These companies always put hot young women for everything they sell to draw the attention of their viewers. The women in the commercials always have a certain image good skin, nice hair and they are always thin. Many females think if they get these products they will have the same sex appeal as the women on the commercials. Indeed sex sells whether it is shampoo, a gum commercial or just a cover of a magazine. First of all, shampoo commercials use a great deal of sex appeal. It seems like everyday I see a Pert Plus commercial. In that commercial, the woman is not sure which shampoo to use when she is in the shower, of course she is attractive so she picks up pert plus and she has a great time shampooing her hair. In the Herbal Essence commercial, they have this very attractive woman putting the shampoo in her hair, then screaming because it is so good. Last, but not least, I think everyone has seen a Head and Shoulders commercial. Once again attractive woman having head problems and she tries Head and Shoulder and wont return to her old shampoo. They do this to seduce the viewers into wanting to buy their products. The second commercial that uses a great deal of sex appeal is gum commercials. In Dentine Ice, Winter Fresh and Big Red commercials they all have the same pitch. In every one of those commercials they have a Hollywood couple and one of them puts the gum in their mouth and they start making out. Both of them look like a typical commercial couple. The third product that has a great deal of sex appeal is magazines. FHM, Maxim and Stuff all have attractive women on the cover to seduce the readers to buy their product. In conclusion, sex does sell products. But do we really need some super models telling us what to buy?... Free Essays on Sex Free Essays on Sex We have all watched TV in our lives one point or another. We have all seen many commercial’s where they will have some attractive women selling a product. These companies always put hot young women for everything they sell to draw the attention of their viewers. The women in the commercials always have a certain image good skin, nice hair and they are always thin. Many females think if they get these products they will have the same sex appeal as the women on the commercials. Indeed sex sells whether it is shampoo, a gum commercial or just a cover of a magazine. First of all, shampoo commercials use a great deal of sex appeal. It seems like everyday I see a Pert Plus commercial. In that commercial, the woman is not sure which shampoo to use when she is in the shower, of course she is attractive so she picks up pert plus and she has a great time shampooing her hair. In the Herbal Essence commercial, they have this very attractive woman putting the shampoo in her hair, then screaming because it is so good. Last, but not least, I think everyone has seen a Head and Shoulders commercial. Once again attractive woman having head problems and she tries Head and Shoulder and wont return to her old shampoo. They do this to seduce the viewers into wanting to buy their products. The second commercial that uses a great deal of sex appeal is gum commercials. In Dentine Ice, Winter Fresh and Big Red commercials they all have the same pitch. In every one of those commercials they have a Hollywood couple and one of them puts the gum in their mouth and they start making out. Both of them look like a typical commercial couple. The third product that has a great deal of sex appeal is magazines. FHM, Maxim and Stuff all have attractive women on the cover to seduce the readers to buy their product. In conclusion, sex does sell products. But do we really need some super models telling us what to buy?...

Chrome vs. Chromium - Chemistry FAQ

Chrome vs. Chromium - Chemistry FAQ Have you ever wondered what the difference is between chrome and chromium? Chromium is an element. It is a hard, corrosion-resistant transition metal. Chrome, which you may see as decorative trim on cars and motorcycles or to harden tools used for industrial processes, is an electroplated layer of chromium over another metal. Either hexavalent chromium or trivalent chromium may be used to produce chrome. The electroplating chemicals for both processes are toxic and regulated in many countries. Hexavalent chromium is extremely toxic, so trivalent chrome or tri-chrome tends to be more popular for modern applications. In 2007 hexa-chrome was banned for use on automobiles in Europe. Some chrome for industrial uses remains hexa-chrome because the corrosion resistance of hexa-chrome plating tends to exceed that of tri-chrome plating. Its interesting to note that prior to the 1920s the decorating plating on automobiles was nickel and not chrome. Key Takeaways: Chrome vs Chromium Chrome and chromium are not the same substances, although they are related to each other.Chromium is element number 24 on the periodic table. It is a transition metal.Chrome is the name given to chromium when it is electroplated over another metal. It often contains chromium oxide, which protects the underlying metal from corrosion.

The Human Life Cycle Stages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Human Life Cycle Stages - Essay Example The human being begins as a single cell is achieved after the fertilization between a female cell and a male cell. As the human cells specialize and duplicate into parts of the body, this period takes nine months in a woman after then the infant is born (Bellamy 42). This stage is different from the fact that before the infant is born a woman has to nine months because there are some infants who are born with seven, eight and others nine months. The infants who are born with less than nine months appear to have problems mentally, physically while others continue with the associated problems throughout their lifetime. In the real sense, the greatest percentage does not survive, and if they do their lifespan is not that long (Rufus). Infancy is the second stage in life after which the baby is totally dependent upon his or her parents for food, movement from one place to another, bathing, and of course changing. The infant is referred to as the troublesome toddler. In this stage, proper protection is given to the baby since this is the time the infant will develop some sounds (Kalman 34). On the other hand, the infant can be born after the normal nine months, but the infant will take a long time without the development of any sound. Biologically this is due to disabilities which originate from the growth of the infant, where in some cases the infant ends up stammering, late development of the sound or never develops any of the sounds in his or her full lifetime (Bogin 68). Childhood is the next step in the infancy where the child is in the ages between 3 to 10 years. This is the stage that the child runs how to make some movements from one place to another, development of teeth, and development in the growth of body size. The brain starts developing since the child can now play with objects, other children can run and can make decisions over certain issues, which he or she comes across (Bobbie 78). The stage is characterized by the complete pronunciation of the words and then the child is taken to school for the advancement of knowledge.  

Zara stays in Europe while other brands outsource to offshore Essay

Zara stays in Europe while other brands outsource to offshore manufacturers - Essay Example Supply change management (SCM) in simple words can be defined as the process of transformation of goods from the raw materials state to the final product and finally handing it over to the end customer. Different companies have different SCM strategies which vary depending upon the short and long term objectives and goals the company wants to achieve.Also factors effecting SCM strategy depends upon the structure of the company i.e. either it’s a manufacturing company , a distribution company, a retailing company or a mixture of these companies. Zara is one of the five apparel retailing chains owned by Inditex group. Although Inditex manages designing, manufacturing and retailing of its goods but it enjoys major presence globally in the market through its chain of retail stores. The key to Zara’s success was the implementation of a unique SCM strategy. While other retailers in the business were focusing on completely outsourcing there manufacturing to offshore; mostly co untries like China, India, Bangladesh etc. saving costs by utilizing cheap labor, Inditex decided to digress from this convention being followed and managed to succeed in its approach. MAKE-BUY DECISIONÂ  : With all the firms entangled between the decision of manufacturing the products in-house or outsource it to off-shore suppliers majorly because of cost saving which involves availability of labor at much cheaper cost i.e. margins 18 to 20 times less for hiring of what you get locally in Europe or America or more expertise available across borders and other reasons. Similarly these factors have influenced the decisions in the Apparel industry aswell with the entire thought process working behind the reason that cost saving in the manufacturing will yield much more profit in comparison to opting to an in-house or nearer manufacturing options. The giants of the fashion apparel industry like GAP, H&M and many other smaller brands choose to outsource their manufacturing completely of fshore. Although one benefit they yielded through this that their manufacturing process saved heavily by employing cheap labor but on the other hand they became open to many risk factors including Global trade policies. International treaties. The social responsibility of providing employment to local labor. The harmful manufacturing process to the environments as a result of mass production which recently gained awareness of population and started to effect the sales and the image of companies and brands. Longer lead times i.e. the replenishment time for the inventory were quite high and could affect sales quite heavily in case the company and stores fell victim to inventory stock-outs. Unexpected weather risking the timely delivery of product. While on the other hand Inditex choose to be different from the trend of outsourcing manufacturing offshore and made the most of this opportunity. Zara being an emergence of Spain opted to the unique strategy of opening manufacturing plants near to where the retail stores were located. Apart from that Zara dost not entirely own the manufacturing process but in Spain and Portugal it own a series of workshops which are bonded in contract with the firm. In doing so Zara was affording labor cost 18 to 20 times higher than its major competitors but still managed to yield profits on the same scale and competitive advantage on the competitors by Quicker replenishments. Continuous and innovative designs. The Entire process of SCM was interlinked. Environmental friendly projects. Proving itself more socially responsible by hiring local employees. While all the major competitors of Inditex specifically to ZARA like The American GAP and the Swedish H&M SOURCING STRATEGIES AND SUPPLY CHAIN CONFIGURATIONS The sourcing strategies in the apparel industry were majorly divided between two major chunks. One was relying on cheaper product sourcing by outsourcing offshore which lead to few designs being in limelight for longer periods thr oughout the seasons. The other chunk selected to keep

Fattening: The social implications on the Azawagh Arabs and the real me

Throughout the ethnography, â€Å"Feeding Desire† written by Rebecca Popenoe, we see one consistent theme that is brought up time and time again – women and the fattening of them to obtain a desired look. From the perspective of a Western third party, the idea of fattening to appear beautiful/appealing seems ridiculous. It simply makes little sense because fattening, is incredibly unhealthy, something that is recognized in Western culture and at the same time we prefer women to be as fit as possible. Looking through the ethnography we see that there are many reasons for fattening being a key factor in making women â€Å"an object of desire† (Page.. citation) as stated by Popenoe. We can examine these cases through the work of Popenoe and determine as to how she came to this conclusion. At the start of the ethnography we can see from Popenoe’s initial experience while working with the Peace Corps in Niger, that the idea of fattening and how the women she saw originally seemed as â€Å"unattractive lumbering† (Popenoe 2004: 20). It was however while working with the Peace Corps that Popenoe noticed that this rounded shape that was the norm among the women and was far more appreciated and desired. After having decided to live with the Azawagh Arabs, Popenoe expresses the obvious indication of her being the outcast when it came to female sexual competition shown through the statement, â€Å"With collar bones protruding and not a stretchmark to be found on my upper arms, I believe many women considered me a poor specimen of my sex.† (2004: 20). Even though it is shown that women and men are usually separate, Popenoe’s lack of physical beauty as per the Azawagh Arab women, allowed her to communicate with the men with no fear from the women that... ...dent that his job in gathering better subsistence is going very well, likely meaning he is wealthy. It is not something which is meant to show off, but just happens in cases of abundance (2004: 112). Most importantly is the control a woman can have over their husband, by waiting till the night to discuss what is on their mind as that is the point in the time where a man can’t refuse them, their lust and sexual desire forces them to listen pretty much. Popenoe does an excellent job in her ethnography giving us the perspective of the Azawagh Arab society. We see how the culture is in such a society where women are fattened for many reasons that are important such as sexual desire, marriage, and the passage towards womanhood. Such fattening has run societies in the area including the Azawagh Arabs since they were discovered and continue to do so today.

Law Enforcement Essay

In the US, the role of the police is known by many as â€Å"to protect and preserve†. While this phrase is ideal for public relations purposes, it tends to greatly oversimplify the role played by the law enforcement officers. This is especially because they usually face numerous challenges and end up performing much more than law enforcement and by extension, order maintenance. However, when these challenges hamper the effectiveness of the police roles, the criticism is often directed at the law enforcement administrators. If I were a department head, although there are numerous problems that are faced by law enforcement administrators, I would regard increased crime rates as my number one concern. Among the problems that law enforcement administrators have to deal with are the political aspects of their work. Here, it is important to note that even if it may not be obvious from far, these administrators, having been appointed by political leaders have to serve some political interests. The administrators thus have to combine several roles as the top law enforcement officer, part administrator, and part politician. The other problem is deviance and corruption among law enforcement officers. Although police corruption is not as high as it was in history, it is still a major hindrance in the attempts by administrators to ensure that their officers on the ground dispense their roles as required under their employment terms. As I had already mentioned, as a department head, I would view increased crime rates as the major problem that law enforcement administrators have to address. In the US, although there have been relentless efforts to bring crime rates as down as possible, this has proved to be a hard task to accomplish. In fact, the relevant authorities have only managed to produce a wave of statistics where crime rates fall and rise almost in equal measures. Notably, at the helm of this major concern are law enforcement administrators who tend to receive all the blame despite the fact that the  police officers at work could be the real failures. Additionally, the administrators not only have to deal with the concerned community, but also political leaders and interest groups such as NGOs. This explains why whenever there is a security crisis, calls are usually made demanding for the resignation of or increased responsibility on the part of the administrators and not the police officers. This in tu rn puts a lot of pressure on the administrators especially in cases where they are being failed by the police officers under them. Some of them even resort to resign as a measure to evade the numerous fingers pointed at them. One of the measures that I would take to address increased crime rates would be to engage the community involved in what is known as community policing. I would seek to identify the root causes of increased crimes after which I would engage both individuals and groups in the community in establishing ideal solutions. I would also ensure open and constant communication with the police officers so that I can as well identify any issues that may be hindering them from attending to their duties properly. I am positive that these two measures would come in handy in either providing a solution or laying a foundation for development of viable solutions. In conclusion, although law enforcement administrators have to keep in check various challenges, I view the major one as increase in crime rates. This problem puts the administrators on focus by diverse groups, which may place unbearable pressure on them. If I were a department head, I would practice effective community policing, as well as engage the police officers working under me to bring the crime rates down.

Países para obtener las visas H-2A y H-2B en 2019

Las visas H-2A y H-2B permiten a trabajadores extranjeros trabajar temporalmente en EE.UU. Para sacarlas es requisito indispensable ser ciudadano de determinados paà ­ses. Esta es la lista que aplica en 2019. Paà ­ses que permiten sacar las visas H-2a y H-2b A partir del 18 de enero de 2019, segà ºn ha publicado el Registro Federal de los Estados Unidos, y por validez de un aà ±o, los ciudadanos de 84 paà ­ses pueden beneficiarse de las visas H-2A que autorizan a trabajar temporalmente en labores agrà ­colas en EE.UU. Sin embargo, solamente los nacionales de 81 paà ­ses pueden solicitar la visa H-2B, para desempeà ±ar labores temporales no agrà ­colas. En el listado que sigue a continuacià ³n se listan los paà ­ses autorizados, con especificacià ³n de los restringidos solamente a la visa H-2A. AlemaniaAndorraArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBarbadosBà ©lgicaBrasilBruneiBulgariaCanadà ¡ChileColombiaCorea del SurCosta RicaCroaciaDinamarcaEcuadorEl SalvadorEslovaquiaEsloveniaEspaà ±aEstoniaFijiFinlandiaFranciaGranadaGreciaGuatemalaHolandaHondurasHungrà ­aIrlandaIsla Salomà ³nIslandiaIsraelItaliaJamaicaJapà ³nKiribatiLetoniaLichtensteinLituaniaLuxemburgoMacedoniaMadagascarMaltaMà ©xicoMoldavia (solamente visa H-2A)Mà ³nacoMongoliaMontenegroMozambiqueNauruNicaraguaNoruegaNueva ZelandaPanamà ¡Papà ºa Nueva GuineaParaguay (solamente visa H-2A)Perà ºPoloniaPortugalReino UnidoRepà ºblica ChecaRepà ºblica Dominicana (solamente visa H-2A)Rumanà ­aSamoaSan MarinoSerbiaSingaporeSt. Vincent y GranadinaSudà ¡fricaSueciaSuizaTailandiaTaiwà ¡nTimorTogoTurquà ­aTuvaluUcraniaUruguayVanuatu Entre las novedades de este aà ±o destacan, por un lado, la inclusià ³n de Paraguay para las visas H-2A y, por otro, la exclusià ³n de Repà ºblica Dominicana del listado de paà ­ses con visas H-2B. La inclusià ³n de Paraguay fue justificada por el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) por el bajo porcentaje de paraguayos con visa que exceden el tiempo mà ¡ximo autorizado de estancia en Estados Unidos y por la colaboracià ³n del gobierno paraguayo en los casos de deportaciones o expulsiones de sus nacionales. Por el contrario, se ha excluido a Repà ºblica Dominicana de las visas H-2B por el alto porcentaje –superior al 30 por ciento–de nacionales con esa visa que se quedaban en EE.UU. mà ¡s tiempo del autorizado. Las personas que por su nacionalidad està ¡n excluidas de aplicar para estas visas pueden estar interesadas en considerar trabajar en un crucero, cuyas visas –C1/D– no excluyen a ningà ºn paà ­s. Existen agencias con buena reputacià ³n especializadas en emplear trabajadores extranjeros para cruceros y los salarios son superiores al salario mà ­nimo en EE.UU. Informacià ³n bà ¡sica sobre las visas H-2A y H-2B Las dos visas son muy parecidas y brindan la posibilidad de trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos, la H-2A en agricultura y la H-2B en trabajos no agrà ­colas como pueden ser, por ejemplo, hoteles, ferias ambulantes conocidas como Carnivals o resorts. Para ambas visas es requisito imprescindible que un empleador estadounidense o una agencia intermediaria que trabaja con las empresas americanas inicien la tramitacià ³n ya que deben obtener una certificacià ³n del Departamento de Trabajo y la aprobacià ³n del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a de los Estados Unidos (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Es decir, no se trata de que si una persona extranjera desea una de estas visas puede solicitarla en el consulado. En otras palabras, es imprescindible obtener antes un contrato por parte de una empresa estadounidense que es quien obtiene los permisos y quien pone en marcha la tramitacià ³n antes las autoridades. Una vez iniciado este proceso ya se indicarà ¡ al trabajador extranjero cuà ¡ndo debe presentarse a la embajada o al consulado de los Estados Unidos correspondiente para la entrevista para la visa. Cabe destacar que las empresas estadounidenses, aunque lo quisieran, no pueden contratar a todos los trabajadores estacionales extranjeros para visas H-2B que quieran. Cada aà ±o fiscal puede concederse un mà ¡ximo anual de 66,000 visas para esta categorà ­a, 33.000 son asignadas en la primera mitad del aà ±o fiscal y las restantes en la segunda. Una vez que se llena el cupo no se pueden emitir mà ¡s visas en esta categorà ­a. Las excepciones son los trabajadores contratados por estos visados para trabajar en la industria de las huevas de pescado o aquellos que desempeà ±en servicios en Guam o en las Islas Marianas (territorios de los Estados Unidos en el Pacà ­fico). Sin embargo, las visas H-2A no tienen là ­mite anual y està ¡n entre las que en los à ºltimos aà ±os han visto incrementar mà ¡s sus nà ºmeros. Los mexicanos son el 90 por ciento del total de visas emitidas en esta categorà ­a y North Carolina Growers Association y Washington Farm Labor Association son los mayores patrocinadores. Ademà ¡s, hay el problema de los fraudes tanto en la visa H-2A como en la H-2B. Algunos patrones pagan menos de lo que corresponde. Hay que destacar que los extranjeros con estas visas pagan impuestos y que tienen derecho a cobrar, al menos, el salario mà ­nimo. Otra fuente de problemas son algunas agencias, que pueden ser fraudulentas. Se recomienda verificar las opiniones y experiencias de otros trabajadores con la misma visa y en el caso de Mà ©xico checar este listado de mà ¡s de 60 reclutadores  para visas H-2A y H-2B. En algunos casos la organizacià ³n sin fin de lucro Contratados es una buena fuente para verificar si una agencia o reclutador cumple lo que promete. Puntos Clave: paà ­ses visas H-2A y H-2B Las visas H-2A permiten trabajar temporalmente en agricultura en EE.UU.Las visas H-2B permiten trabajar temporalmente en trabajos no agrà ­colas en EE.UU. Hay un là ­mite anual de 66.000 visas que pueden ser emitidas para esta categorà ­a.Nà ºmero de paà ­ses cuyos nacionales pueden obtener una H-2A: 84Nà ºmero de paà ­ses cuyos nacionales pueden obtener una H-2B:81Paà ­ses hispanohablantes que pueden optar a la H-2A: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Espaà ±a, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Panamà ¡, Paraguay, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana y Perà º.Paà ­ses hispanohablantes que pueden optar a la H-2B: los mismos que en el listado anterior excepto Paraguay y Repà ºblica Dominicana.Requisito indispensable: que una empresa estadounidense inicie el proceso de los papeles directamente o a travà ©s de una agencia o reclutador. En ningà ºn caso el trabajador puede iniciar los trà ¡mites. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.