French and Indian War Provoked the American Revolution Essay

The French and Indian war was the event that provoked the American Revolution. The French and Indian war or Seven years war, lead to certain events that caused Americans to realize that their English liberties were being denied. The French and Indian war caused debts among the British. The British realized that during the war the income from the colonies was insufficient (document F). After the war, the British needed certain ways in which to gain revenue. They imposed taxes on the Colonists. These taxes, in turn, caused a stir among Americans. The Stamp Act was a tax imposed on the colonists without representation (document H). Their liberties as English citizens were being denied. Radical Whigs would go as far to say it†¦show more content†¦Radical Whigs saw this as a conspiracy because the French did not have rule by law or trial juries. French were Catholic, and Americans saw this as a deal between the corrupt papacy and King George to return to Catholicism. This caused more unrest in the colonies. There were also many reluctant revolutionaries. Americans considered themselves English and thought they deserved the same rights as Englishmen. Governors and Generals did not believe Americans were Englishmen. They treated the Americans badly. William Pitt’s policy of impressments upset many Americans. He took men off boats and forced them into the army where they were not treated like Englishmen. He also seized supplies for his men from American citizens. However, Americans did not want to secede from Britain. Benjamin Franklin, a reluctant revolutionary, believed that Americans should have English rights but should still be loyal to the Crown (document F). After the French and Indian war, permanent troops were stationed in America because Britain felt America needed more protection. Americans were forced to house these troops. Americans felt their liberties as Englishmen were being undermined. They thought that they should not have to house troops they did not want there in the first place. Radical Whigs thought it was a conspiracy because once troops were stationed in the colonies Britain would easily be able to haveShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Causes Of The French And American Revolution1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe American, French, Haitian, and Mexican revolutions are epitomes of responsible citizens advocating for social and political upheaval in hopes of saving and furthering their states. These revolutions, more than others, exemplify nations that rebelled against governments which maliciously abused their power. The American Revolution focused on achieving independence from Britain, as Britain abused their power by unfairly taxing colonists. The Mexican Revolution concentrated on eliminating dictatorshipRead MoreCompare and Contrast He American and British Views Regarding the French and Indian War.604 Words   |  3 PagesThe French and Indian War, was a war fought between France and Britain. The war was the product of an imperial struggle, a clash between the French and English over colonial territory and wealth. Great Britain claimed that the French provoked war by building forts along the Ohio River Valley. Virginia’s governor sent a militia to the French and Native American allies. The war started out badly for Great Britain, about 2,000 British and colonial troops were defeated by the French and Native AmericansRead MoreMakena Compoc. Professor Sturdevant. 5/5/2017. Why Did1170 Words   |  5 PagesTaking a look at the events that led up to the American Revolution, one could assume that eventually the 13 colonies were going to rebel against Britain. Events that led to the Ame rican Revolution include the Stamp Act and the Townshend Act, which eventually led to the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. After all of these events, the 13 colonies decided that they wanted to declare their freedom from Britain. Thus, sparked the American Revolution lasting six years, and after this came the DeclarationRead MoreThe French and Indian War Was a Major Cause of the American Revolution1482 Words   |  6 Pagesopen hostilities between the French and the Americans. The French occupied parts of Canada but also wanted a stake in America. Its means to do this was through the Ohio Valley it maintained. However, the colonists were bound to permeate this area in their push towards the west. And as they did, competition for the lush lands flared up and came to a breaking point. This directly lead to the French and Indian War with the Indians, for the most part, siding with the French against Britain. The eventsRead MoreThe American Revolution1259 Words   |  6 Pages The American Revolution, one of the chief events in U.S. history, was an event that had its origins planted long before the fighting began. With the time period of the Enlightenment overlapping that of the revolution, ideals of society and humanity flooded colonial society. Although some may argue that the acts of the British were for the colonists’ well-being, I will explain why they were in fact hindrances. Colonists decided to overhaul the system of monarchy because they felt that it did notRead MoreAmerican Revolution - Summary Essay example939 Words   |  4 Pages1760- King George takes the throne of England. 1763- French and Indian War Ends. Canada and land east of the Mississippi River is added to Great Britiains Empire. 1765- The Stamp Act is passed. The Stamp Act was passed as a means to pay for British troops on the American frontier. The colonists were the ones paying for the troops and they violently protested the Act. 1766- The Stamp Act is repealed. 1768- British troops arrive in Boston to enforce laws. 1770- Four workers are shotRead MoreBritish oppression: the cause of the American Revolution?1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was costly and bloody war that granted the Americans the independence for which they fought. This 8-year-long revolutionary war from 1775 to 1783 is considered one of the greatest revolutions of all time in that the Americans had defeated the most powerful nation in the world at the time, Great Britain. The American Revolution is a critical event in the history of the United States and has been explored and evaluated by numerous historians of the 20th century. Whether or notRead MoreThe American Revolution889 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most vital events in American History lasting form 1775 to 1783, it effected the nation socially, economically and politically. The American Revolution brought upon many changes in America, and freedom of the nation. The Revolutionary War was a stepping stone to what we are as a nation today, it created both short and long-term effects on the world. When wanting to blame a certain side, the British politicians or the American agitators, several key points leadRead MoreThe French And Indian War967 Words   |  4 Pages 2014 During the French and Indian War of 1754-1763, the French and the British were competing for land throughout the Ohio Valley, the Mississippi River, and the St. Lawrence River and for trading rights in North America. Both nations saw this territory as a necessity to increase its own power and wealth while simultaneously limiting the strength of its rival. Although, after the French and Indian War the British gained all of the French land in North America. Following the war the British governmentRead MoreThe War of 1812 Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American-British War of 1812 which ended officially in 1814 with the peace Treaty of Ghent. None of the issues which instigated war were really resolved and it would seem that for the US, the War of 1812 was just a series of failures and few triumphs that, in the end, cost the Natives more than anyone else. The war began with fired-up Americans seeking resolution to their deep-seated resentments toward the British; hard feelings which only festered during the French Revolutionary Wars. Since

Testbook Answers - 112756 Words

Scott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2 Suggested Solutions to Questions and Problems 1. P.V. Ltd. Income Statement for Year 2 Accretion of discount (10% Ãâ€" 286.36) $28.64 P.V. Ltd. Balance Sheet As at Time 2 Financial Asset Cash Shareholders’ Equity $315.00 Opening balance Net income $286.36 28.64 Capital Asset Present value 0.00 $315.00 $315.00 Note that cash includes interest at 10% on opening cash balance of $150. 2. Suppose that P.V. Ltd. paid a dividend of $10 at the end of year 1 (any portion of year 1 net income would do). Then, its year 2 opening net assets are $276.36, and net income would be: P.V. Ltd. Income Statement For Year 2†¦show more content†¦To illustrate, the present value of the firm at time 0 is $260.33 and expected net income is $26.03 for year 1. Similarly, the present value of the firm at time 1 is $236.36 or $336.36 depending on state realization, and expected net income for year 2 is $23.64 or $33.64. In each case the market expects the firm to earn 10% on opening value. This 10% of opening value is accretion of discount. Copyright  © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc 14 Scott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual 4. Chapter 2 The procedure here is similar to that used in Question 2. Assume that the good economy state is realized for year 1. Assume also that P.V. Ltd. pays a dividend of, say, $40 at time 1. If the good economy state is also realized in year 2, P.V.’s year 2 net income will then be: P.V. Ltd. Income Statement For Year 2 (good economy in year 2) Accretion of discount [(336.36 – 40) Ãâ€".10] 29.64 Abnormal earnings, as a result of good state realization in year 2 (200 – 150) 50.00 Net income year 2 $79.64 PV’s balance sheet at the end of year 2 will then be: P.V. Ltd. Balance Sheet As at Time 2 Financial Asset Shareholders’ Equity Cash (200 - 40 + 200 + 16) $376.00 Opening balance $336.36 Less: Dividend end Capital Asset 0.00 of year 1 40.00 $296.36 Add: Net income $376.00 Copyright  © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc 15 79.64 $376.00Show MoreRelatedSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesDear All, If you need any solution manual, testbank for testbooks from the list, do contact us anytime, we provide competitive prices and fast delivery after payment done. Contact us: smtbportal@gmail.com smtbportal(at)gmail(dot)com 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Solution Manual 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Test Bank 2010 Federal Taxation with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud

Strategic Plan Part Ii Bus 475 Free Essays

Strategic Plan Part II BUS 475 Christina’s Unique Clothing Store will cater to clientele looking for a shopping experience that cannot be gotten anywhere else. In order for the small business to accomplish this, the owner of Christina’s Unique Clothing Store will need to complete a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats, and Trends analysis (SWOTT). The SWOTT will allow the owner to view the business from an objective point of view and analysis any problem areas before it becomes an actual problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan Part Ii Bus 475 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Christina’s Unique Clothing Store will conduct an internal and external analysis using the SWOTT table giving explanations or an analysis on seven factors in the table and naming one factor to be considered the major factor for each category. The SWOTT identified location and creativity in fashion as the strength and opportunity for Christina’s Unique Clothing. The SWOTT identified locating a wholesaler for the merchandise as a weakness, and the legal and regulatory issues as a threat while identifying environmental conscience as a trend for the company to focus for the future. A major strength the company will have is location of the store. Location is an important factor in a business succeeding; therefore, finding the right location for Christina’s Unique Clothing Store is the company’s strength. The store’s location will be in area that the intended targeted clientele will frequent to shop, therefore presenting the business the opportunity to offer personalized tailored care in the clothing industry. As the store opens, offering creative and unique accessory items will allow Christina’s Unique Clothing to stand apart from the other boutiques in the area. Sorella Boutique is a high-end quality retail store that sells designer clothing such as â€Å"Seven For All Mankind, Vince, and Nicole Miller†, however, the boutique’s service stops there. Sorella Boutique does not offer its customers a personalized or tailored shopping experience (Sorella Boutique, 2011, p. 1). Locating the correct wholesaler for the merchandise to be displayed and sold in Christina’s Unique Clothing Store will be a challenge. The internet is littered with wholesale dealers posing a deal for all to have however; for a new business buying merchandise cheap is great on the budget but buying cheap merchandise will spell failure in the end. Legal and regulatory issues will need to be researched and followed through before the business can open its doors to the public. Skipping or ignoring the legalities can only bring disaster to the business quickly. For a retail clothing store the legal issues are few ensuring the local city or county license requirements are met before opening the business. Insuring the business for at fault accidents should be considered also, thus protecting the business from liability during an accident. Although to open a small business, it is not required to have any documentation other than a business license from the city in which the business will be operated within, it is recommended that the owner have knowledge of how to run a business. As a long-term goal and for future success, the company will want to move towards becoming environmental conscience with a designer that is reusing materials for the designers clothing line or accessories. Becoming environmental conscience is how Christina’s Unique Clothing Store will out-last the other boutiques in the area. Although, 51% new small business will survive the first five years, focusing early on what the company’s long-term goals can help the company stay focused on the future (Schaefer, 2011). Christina’s Unique Clothing clientele is targeted towards the higher income class, economic times are still rough and can be a threat for a new business, and must be weighed. As the economic status changes, the company can adapt as well. The fashion industry changes the design line each year; the company can adapt its inventory to include the latest fashion designs to attract its clientele. To produce an inventory that can be sold at reasonable prices the suppliers will need to be trustworthy. The clothing being offered will be obtained from designers, wholesalers, or online stores that carry the designer clothing at reasonable prices allowing the clothing to be re-merchandised for a profit. The accessories can be bought from wholesalers or online designers also, saving costs on travel and gas, although the supply chains will need to be organized and categorized by minimum purchase requirement, cost, and popularity. Wholesalers and discount online stores advertise designer clothing and accessories at a fraction of the cost when the consumer buys in bulk, the drawback is the merchandise can contain flaws that represents â€Å"seconds† or less quality merchandise. For example, discount stores such as Ross, Kohl’s, and Goody’s advertise designer merchandise for a fraction of the cost in other department stores such as Macys. The difference in the clothing between the discount stores and department stores are those in the discount stores have flaws such as the size of the pants is not a true size for the designer, or the blouse is unevenly hemmed. Finding a wholesaler that sales designer clothing that is of true quality is imperative for the success of Christina’s Unique Clothing Store, buying merchandise that is less quality than the original design will cause the business to fail. As the company begins to grow, looking towards the future should be towards the environmentally safe or conscience production of clothing and accessories. As an opportunity to investigate in the environmental side of retail clothing sales, finding a designer that designs clothing and accessories from other clothing or materials can lead the business into a different direction both environmentally and growth. There will always be that one or two patrons that are looking to save the environment and if the company can look to incorporate environmentally friendly designer clothing and accessories into the business, the business will be leading the future in clothing retail sales. For example, designer blue jeans become a designer purse; a designer silk shirt becomes a new designer pajama top. Reusing material is not a new idea however, creating new items from high-end designer clothing to create environmentally friendlier clothing or recycled designer clothing from the designer is, and if it is made exclusively for Christina’s Unique Clothing Store the company’s future is secured. In conclusion, Christina’s Unique Clothing Store conducted an internal and external analysis using the SWOTT table (Fig 1. ), giving explanations on seven factors and named one factor to be considered as the major focus for each category. The SWOTT identified location and creativity in fashion as the strength and opportunity for Christina’s Unique Clothing Store and identified locating a wholesaler for the merchandise as a weakness, and legal and regulatory issues as a threat while identifying environmental conscience as a trend for the company to focus f or the future. As the strengths and weakness are examined it is evident for Christina’s Unique Clothing to succeed finding a wholesale dealer that delivers designer clothing that are true high-end quality is vital to the company’s success. The future success for the company is reliant on a designer convinced in saving the environment and the designer reusing materials from the designer’s line to create new items exclusively for Christina’s Unique Clothing Store. SWOT Analysis Situation being analysed: Christina’s Unique Clothing Store * * S1-Strategy * * * * * * * * S2-Structures * * * S3-Processes-and systems * * * * S4-Resources * * * S5-Goals * * * * * S6-Technologies * * * * S7-Innovations * * * * S8-Leadership| StrengthsS1 Locating the right place for business is paramount; understanding the costs in obtaining the perfect location will need to be strategically worked in order to maximize customer exposure. S2 Location of building is important to ensure optimum exposureS3 Understanding how a business is ran and the process of a business financial statement is vital to running one’s own business. S4 Internet and high quality stores for resale of clothingS5 Setting of goals to meet each quarter, the goals must be attainable and reviewed each quarter and new goals set. S6 Website, creating and updating important to successful follow-up and repeat businessS7 Long term goals for innovations such as new designer clothing locally madeS8 Leadership is important and can be a strength when applied correctly, management will need training| WeaknessesW1 Cost of building or rent may be too high in the beginning; strategies will need to be in place to overcome this weakness to be successful. Location is necessary. W2 Resources for unique and high quality clothing and accessories at affordable prices that can be re-merchandised may become a problem if not handled correctly. W3 Goals not planned or met become weaknesses. W4 Poor planning, and managing, leads to failure. Strategies must be planned and followed through. W5 Creating a business on a culture that is not represented in the area will cause the company to fail. W6 Not recognizing an idea that can be legally protected can lead the business potentially to lose money-causing failure. W7 Leadership is important and without proper training and supervision can become a weakness. * * W1-Structures * * * * * * * W2-Resources * * * * * * * W3-Goals * * * W4-Strategic Capabilities * * * * W5-Culture * * * * * W6-Intellectual property * * * * W7-Leadership| * * O1-Global * * * * * * O2-Technological * * * * * * * O3-Innovation * * * * * O4-Social * | OpportunitiesO1-Internet sales will reach globally, giving the company an early opportunity to establish clientele outside of the United States. O2-Technology is important for the company to stay abreast of the latest fashions and accessories and where to find those â€Å"unique† items for the company’s storefront. O3- Being creative with fashion is what the clientele is looking for and what Christina’s Unique Clothing Store is offering. O4-Interacting with clients and employees while creating relationships and bonds with the clients that will create repeat business. | ThreatsT1-Legal and regulatory rules must be known and followed before the business can be opened and started. T2-Although the clientele is targeted towards the higher income class, economic times are still rough, can be a threat for a new business, and must be weighed. T3-Local stores analysis is needed to ensure the business success, targeting a specific income bracket limits the clientele however, the competitive stores in the area may offer something similar. T4-Most high-end clothing is not made of recycled clothing, environmental issues are becoming an important part of commerce, this can be an area that may need more research, and development as the store grows. * * T1-Legal and regulatory * * * * T2-Economic * * * * * * * T3-Competitive analysis * * * * * * * T4-Environmental| * Figure 1. 1 SWOT Analysis (Thompson, 2006) References Schaefer, P. (2011). The Seven Pitfalls of Business Failure. Retrieved from http://www. businessknowhow. com/StartUp/business-failure. htm Sorella Boutique. (2011). Retrieved from http://collegetownmacon. com/? p=1681 Thompson, A. A. , Gamble, J. E. , Stri ckland, A. J. (2006). Strategy: Winning in the marketplace: Core concepts, analytical tools, cases (2nd ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Strategic Plan Part Ii Bus 475, Papers

Business Strategies Of Vegan Foods Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.They feel vegan foods are their best option so they do not plan to have any egg in their pasta. Is this ok? 2.Is the recipe acceptable? Why/why not? 3.Do they need to list the ingredients of the butter on the product label? 4.(They would list made with unenriched flour on the label.) Is this acceptable? 5.What do you need to have on hand to show the inspector? 6.Can you change the labelling and sell your asparagus in Canada? Answers: 1. YES, its ok. We Make It 4 YU can decide to decide to try the vegan foods since it is a retail food chain store business and they have different strategies. Under the law, Canadian food regulation does not hinder anybody from changing the business strategy as long as they have the requisite food permits and licenses that are stipulated (Sayers, n.d.). They only need to hire a qualified pasta chef who can prepare pasta products without an egg. 2. Their recipe is acceptable. As a food regulatory specialist under the Canadian food regulatory authority, Luscious Chocolaty Cream Sauce has 15% xanthium gum which is well the only chocolate made from carob beans. As a food regulator, it is impossible to follow the vegan root and while increasing the delicious sauces. WeMakeIt4YU should only concentrate on the recipe acceptable. 3. Yes. Although butter is from animal products, for purposes of listing the ingredients on the cover label is to show people what they are about to take. It is important to note that some people are not takers off butter products and therefore should know that in advance (Faraday, Fudge Tucker, 2014). 4. No its not acceptable. If the flour has not been enriched they shouldnt label it as enriched since it requires utmost good faith in conducting such businesses. Lying to customers will only make it hard for WeMakeIt4YU to be in business in the long haul. 5. CFIA inspector only wants to inspect the food manufacturing records. The only thing that is needed are the records to show the food manufactures and probably licenses and permits duly applied for running of the business. Anything else that is also needed will be provided. 6. Under the laws of Canada it is impossible. This is because asparagus made in England is meant for England and if he wants to sell in Canada, then I should apply for relevant and required documents to sell in Canada (Faraday, Fudge Tucker, 2014). References Faraday, F., Fudge, J., Tucker, E. (2014).Constitutional Labour Rights in Canada. Toronto: Irwin Law. Sayers, A.Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Social Sanctions Impacts on Individual Behavior

Qualitative Statement of the Problem In this case study, we would like to comprehend and illustrate the extent at which social sanctions influences individual behavior in an organization among employees. The objective at this stage in the study is to commonly define and establish the link between behavior control and production (Kuhn, 1996).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Social Sanctions’ Impacts on Individual Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a very complex study as it involves human behavior and can be carried out by both qualitative and quantitative research methods.. After identifying the problem, the researcher identifies a sample population. The type of sampling employed will be convenience sampling because it is not possible to undertake a total random survey. The researcher will therefore interview a few available respondents including friends, relatives working in various or ganizations as well as colleagues. Interviewing will be utilized as a data collection technique. The qualitative interviews are equipped with unrestricted questions, whose responses must capture the structure of a narrative by the respondent regarding his or her knowledge. The research will commonly be much lesser in capacity because of the complete quantity of information, which must be evaluated by the canvasser. This provides researchers and ultimately readers an additionally inclusive image of the viewpoint of the themes of the study. The canvasser commissioning qualitative study should set up a straightforward sketch of subject matters that he/she desires to cover in the interview. These themes are used as guidelines particularly when the respondent appears to be swerving from the subject or a concise set of queries that have to be inquired consecutively by the interview. The study guide method permits the interviewer and respondent to figure a correlation within the interview and can enable the progression to encompass the experience of a dialogue as opposed to a prearranged intellectual process. The investigator should settle on how to document the interview (Leedy Ormrod, 2010). There are three options available. One being tape-recording, another one being taking detailed notes and finally the researcher can decide to combine the two. Note taking is more advisable because the researcher gives attention to the study more. Tape recording dissatisfies many respondents, which may sometimes make them to uphold important information.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, it is impossible for an interviewer to record every word on a notebook because it cannot explain hiatus in the interview. This is the reason why both are more frequently applied. This is much more discussion of the design of the study than is needed in the problem stateme nt. The problem statement should include a discussion of a general problem, then a specific problem that will be studied among an identified group of participants. Quantitative Statement of the Problem Sexual harassment is one of the felonies that have recently taken root in the society mainly because of the idea of male p patriarchy. Women have stood out firm to challenge the position in the society by coming up with various feminine organizations with a sole purpose of eradicating this injustice. The problem of male domination has in the recent years extended to work places where the bosses force their junior female employees to extend sexual favors in return for beneficial gains such as promotions and other rewards. The female bodies have stood firm against this menace and have gone a notch higher to formulate policies that will make it hard for this cadre of perverted individuals who extend their unethical behaviors to work places. This quantitative study will therefore strive t o examine the degree that the vice has extended to in regards to public and private sectors. It will be based on a few institutions that will be able to give us a guideline on the extent of the vice in both sectors as a whole. The study will take a form of a survey whereby the population to be studied will be identified and selected basing on various office situations. Stakeholders working with several IT related corporations came up with some feasible conclusions. They agreed that there is need to focus on practical and feasible solutions to the unethical use of technology in the departments.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Social Sanctions’ Impacts on Individual Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The stakeholders have devoted considerable attention to this topic, primarily on the issues of less use of social networks during working hours, containing costs, increasing employee productivity, m obilizing new resources, allocating existing resources more efficiently and increasing the role of the IT departments. Experience up to date has shown that, in general, almost every strategy to reign in the lack of IT ethics, works somewhere under some set of circumstances. On the other hand, specific restraining schemes that are flourishing in one place of work are not necessarily successful in another. Since each institution has different needs, standard set solutions cannot be imposed. The group that will benefit from the findings of the study will be mostly organizations. Policy makers will utilize the findings in coming up with regulations aiming at achieving effective controls over social network use during official working hours in work places. The veracity and tactic of the statistics and collection used was survey on questionnaires. The evaluation was not to be used as a prognostic economic analysis of the brunt of the unethical use of IT. It zooms in on the stance of emplo yers and avails a perception of the issues that could sway decision making allied to employee and employer benefits. As such, our survey conclusions are not on a par with similar surveys and analysis carried out by others. Each one of those studies used economic reproductions, not opinion surveys, and founded on the impact of unethical utilization of social networks on persons, not employer stance. The method benefits from the advantages of the diverse research designs. Feedback summary In conclusion at hand is the need to accentuate that basically, there is no blue print for control over individual unethical behavior that may instigate the use of IT to access explicit material. As an alternative, the approach projected to affiliate employees is to use the policy objectives to familiarize the course for unethical IT behavior reform, comprehend the on hand structure in terms of purpose and policies to set the preliminary position from which any modification must embark on and recogni ze the monetary and any other supplementary contextual aspects to ascertain reasonable confines on the scope to which the realization of strategy objectives can be nonstop and the assortment of policy reforms that can be well thought-out.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, while the advance is basically grounded in a widespread set of principles and target, it is also tolerant towards analysis and suggestions that are IT-specific and pragmatic. References Kuhn, T. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Leedy, P.D. Ormrod, J.E. (2010). Practical research: Planning and design. 9 Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Neuman, W.L. (2005). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. 6 Ed. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Willis, J.W. (2007). Foundations of qualitative research: Interpretive and critical approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. This coursework on Social Sanctions’ Impacts on Individual Behavior was written and submitted by user Haven F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

(a) Threat of New Entrants and Substitutes for Tesco Essays

(a) Threat of New Entrants and Substitutes for Tesco Essays (a) Threat of New Entrants and Substitutes for Tesco Essay (a) Threat of New Entrants and Substitutes for Tesco Essay Introduction: This individual assignment will be assessed by means of a 3,500 Â ± 10% word Report. The assignment has been designed to allow you to develop and use your knowledge and skills in understanding key strategic issues relating to food retail internationalisation. You will be required to apply the strategic concepts and analytical techniques studied in this module. All the learning outcomes below will be assessed: 1. Demonstrate critical understanding and application of relevant theories associated with global corporate policies and strategies. 2. Understand the holistic nature of strategy and apply analytical techniques to solve complex problems in real life organizations 3. Demonstrate knowledge of the strategic decision making process through critical analysis of how strategic decision making enables an organisation to relate to its global business environment. 4. Critically evaluate and monitor the business mission, objectives and policies of international organisations. 5. Use critical reflective skills to reflect on the impact of their understanding on the problem solving process The assignment will be internally moderated by: John Dixon-Dawson Please note: 1. All work must adhere to the University regulations on ‘Cheating, Collusion and Plagiarism’ which are provided as an Appendix in your Programme handbook. See your tutor for useful guide on ‘Harvard Referencing Style’ and on how to avoid ‘Plagiarism’. 2. A hard copy and an electronic copy on DVD or CD of the assignment must be handed to your Study Centre on or before the appointed date under cover of the Sunderland Business School Feedback Sheet. Please include/attach a Turnitin Report if possible. 3. Issue Date: Wednesday, 25 May 2011 4. Submission Date: Friday 19th August 2011 Task Your task is to carry out a critical analysis and evaluation of the strategies adopted by world-class food retailers, using the information provided and other materials researched. You will be expected to select and apply appropriate theories, techniques and models studied during the module whilst having regard to the practical aspects of strategy development. Your assignment should be presented in a Business Report Format and should be within the range 3,500 Â ± 10% words (excluding executive summary, references and relevant appendices). The report should include a title page and executive summary and be fully and consistently referenced, using Harvard Referencing style. You must also submit a DVD or CD containing an electronic version of the report. This should be clearly labelled with your name, your course and the name of the case study. It is recommended that you research information additional to the case study to support your arguments. This may be obtained from a diverse range of sources and you are encouraged to research the issues in whichever way you deem appropriate. Assessment Criteria In the event of failing this individual assignment, normal referral / deferral procedures will apply. This assignment carries a weighting of 100%. The assessment will focus on the level of ANALYSIS carried out. That is, the application of THEORETICAL CONCEPTS studied in the module to the ‘practical’ case study presented. In other words, you should proceed beyond a DESCRIPTION of the company and its actions. You should be analysing ‘why’ rather than describing ‘what’. The assignment will be assessed and moderated by two members of staff in accordance with the marks allocated to each of the questions detailed below. 0% of the marks are set aside for the ‘presentation’ criteria. Academic Rigour your ability to isolate the key strategic issues the coherence and depth of the analysis of those issues the ability to analyse the strategy context within which companies operate the ability to critically review and evaluate strategic decis ions made by companies Methodology the use of relevant evidence, from material provided and personal research to support any statements made the appropriateness of the methods used and theoretical models and frameworks applied the breadth and depth of research undertaken Evaluation of data the ability to make sound recommendations or conclusions arising from the analysis the soundness of arguments put forward Presentation the summary of arguments report layout and format use of illustrative material and evidence to support arguments the appropriateness of length the quantity and accuracy of referencing |The Global Food Retail Supermarket Industry | The entire global food industry, from growing to processing to retailing, is an extremely competitive industry where profit margins have become so low that it is often challenging to maintain profitability (www. plunkettresearch. com/Industries/ ). The global food retailing industry is a complex collection of diverse supermarket chains, independent food stores, and direct-to-consumer services that supply much of the food consumed today. The supermarket and hypermarkets are where tens of thousands of products are gathered in one location, in continuous, year-round supply. Global food retail sales are about $4 trillion annually, with supermarkets and hypermarkets accounting for the largest share of sales (www. ers. usda. gov/). At present vast changes are sweeping through the industry as major supermarkets such as Safeway and Kroger cut prices and lower operating costs dramatically, while others are being sold to private investors. (www. plunkettresearch. com ; www. ers. usda. gov/). |Question One: | Tesco, Sainsbury’s and Morrison are among the top UK food retailers. Using examples from any TWO of these five food retailers, critically examine the main arguments for and against ‘globalization’ in the food retail industry in terms of: a) Threat of New Entrants and Substitutes, and b) Bargaining power of suppliers and buyers. Your answer should be based on critical analysis of developments in the global food retail supermarket industry over the past 12-18 months. [30 % marks] |Question Two: | Globalisation of food retail is not an emerging or imminent strategy, but a current focus for many food retailers. Established supermarket retailers recognise that with domestic organic growth becoming more difficult to sustain in mature markets, expansion into new markets is a necessary step towards securing future profitability. Critically evaluate the global food retail market dynamics since the year 2000 in the context of the above statement and discuss how Tesco continues to invest into food retail facilities in order to secure future profitability, with particular focus on their innovation food retail formats. 30% marks] |Question Three: | Using relevant leadership and management theories, discuss the ability of David Reid the current Chairman of Tesco PLC to transform Tesco into a diverse international business for long-term growth by the year 2015. You are expected to use relevant data/information from Annual Reports on Tesco’s website (,http://ar2010. tescoplc. com/~ /media/Files/T/Tesco-Annual-Report-2009/Attachments/pdf/tesco-annualreport. df) and your own understanding of the approach to strategy development at Tesco since 2005. [30 % marks] Note: 10% marks is allocated for presentation Suggested Reading: Textbooks: De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2004) Strategy Process, Content, and Context International Perspective, 3rd Edition, Thomson Learning Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, 7th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Lynch, R. (2006) Corporate Strategy, Fourth Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. , Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. (1998) Strategy Safari, Financial Times Prentice Hall Websites PDF documents: www. economist. com The Economist www. ers. usda. gov/Briefing/GlobalFoodMarkets/Industry Global Food Markets: Industry Structure www. ft. com The Financial Times www. plunkettresearch. com/Industries/ Plunket Research www. tesco. com/ Tesco Food Retail http://ar2010. tescoplc. com/~/media/Files/T/Tesco-Annual-Report-2009/Attachments/pdf/tesco-annualreport. pdf Tesco PLC Individual Assignment Case Study – Strategy Development in the Global Food Retail Supermarket Industry Module Leader: Dr. Augustus Osseo-Asare Submission Date: Friday 19th August 2011 Word Count: 3,500 words

Discuss the reading. What did you think of the story Did it have any Essay

Discuss the reading. What did you think of the story Did it have any meaning in your life Is it still relevant today Things you didn't like - Essay Example He is not ready to accept his aging. The society, after all, celebrates youth and beauty and neglects the old and the ugly. Prufrock is also materialistic, because he is concerned of materialistic concerns, such as sophisticated dress and language. Urban decay is also described through images of â€Å"yellow fog† and â€Å"yellow smoke.† Yellow signifies the gangrene of materialistic modern living that destroys the environment and simplicity in people. The poem, in addition, uses repetition to express materialism. When Prufrock says â€Å"And indeed there will be time† several times, he is complaining of his boredom. It becomes palpable that he has no real social life and no permanent human relationships too, which indeed makes life boring. What I did not like about the poem is that it seems like it has been written by a schizophrenic person, because of the fragmented ideas that go circular. Prufrock does not focus on any idea and expands on it, because he gets easily distracted by different things or people. The poem demonstrates the mental decline of Prufrock and the citys urban decline. At the same time, it shows how materialism and vanity pervade in modern culture. A materialistic culture, hence, creates vain and superficial

Based on the criteria come up with a tittle Essay

Based on the criteria come up with a tittle - Essay Example After all, the company has been a favourite choice of many students seeking internships because it absorbs most of its interns looking for employment after the internship period. More so, the company ranks among the best insurance companies in the UK scooping numerous awards in the insurance industry particularly due to its role in training. Other than normal insurance business conducted in the company, employees engage themselves in value adding activities that do not necessarily require insurance skills. Among these include the production of the organisation’s quarterly newsletter. The third edition for 2010 was in pipeline when I joined the company for internship and I even attended the first brainstorming meeting. I happened to be training under the Assistant Manager, Product Development who doubles up as the chairperson of the newsletter committee. Interns are expected to simulate the roles of the trainer as they seek to gain experience, the reason I had to accompany my t hen trainer to the newsletter meeting. The committee reviewed the previous edition of their newsletter which struck my mind. While I was seeking for the internship at this company, I had gone through some magazines seeking information. This was one of those publications I read though it had not appeared interesting enough for me to read through; I just flipped through some few pages. I did not give this feedback though, but with wit, I hinted to them the lack of interest that the magazine would generate from a person without any interest in the company, bearing in mind that these are the target people when such publications go out. My creativity In the next meeting that was to happen in a week, I was charged to come up with some criticisms of the newsletter from the perspective of a youthful independent reader even if I would have to seek the opinion of my colleagues. Perhaps, this period gave me the chance to go through reflection cycle as suggested documented by Schon (1991) to en able the team learn from such an experience. Indeed, I not only pointed out at the weaknesses but also gave personal recommendations on how to make improvements come the next edition, negating the argument by Runco (2007) that creativity comes with expertise. Environmental factors have been attributed to triggering creativity though Shanteu and Dino (2009) argue that excessive stress could impair thinking ability, the basis for creativity, as maintained by common sense and psychological theory. The workers of the insurance company having to juggle between their duties and newsletter activities could be much stress on them leading to death of creativity and perhaps a fresher mind would trigger creative ideas. Environments that tend to undermine intrinsic motivation through deadlines, expectation of evaluation or surveillance leads to less creative products as opposed to organisations which promote intrinsic motivation. King and Gurland (2007) attribute creativity in practical setting s like work and school to extrinsically motivated activities. I had the idea of the company maintaining their logo and corporate look but make if a little more fancy. This involved change in the position of the logo and the design on the front page. Since the organisation could not reach everyone with the hard copies, I proposed the introduction of an online publication of the newsletter where visitors to the company’

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Summery - Essay Example This impetus was followed by a series of strategies with aggravated the situation of Timex, to wit: diversification into electronics manufacturing, subcontracting, employment of Peter Hall as the manager, cost reduction through lay-offs and wage reductions. The ultimate result was the closure of the Dundee plant in August of 1993 after an industrial dispute that lasted eight months. In analyzing the case of Timex, the authors averred that the â€Å"failure to take into account the wider context that relates the present to the past and to situate the conflict in the emergent and interrelated nature of business decisions and human resources policies† The relevant lessons that Martin & Dowling emphasized in this article are as follows: International firms should adapt and adjust to the culture and organizational competencies of the host country. There is a need to evaluate the qualifications of managers who will lead and operate international firms. As required, training and development programs should be undertaken for managers (as well as the rest of the personnel) to be assigned in international organizations. Multinational corporations should have broader efforts to internationalize their organizations in terms of encompassing cultural diversity, environmental scanning, and open mindedness in accepting lessons from each

The Importance Of A Cardiovascular System Physical Education Essay

The Importance Of A Cardiovascular System Physical Education Essay The heart is the powerhouse of the cardiovascular system. It pumps the blood throughout the body; it is a double pump because it pumps blood in two different directions. The main parts of the hearts are the vena cava, the pulmonary trunk, the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, the left and right atrium, the left and right ventricle, the septum, the chordate tendineae and the aorta. The heart is shaped kind of like a cone. It is located behind the protective rib cage. The heart is made of cardiac muscle which means it can work constantly without getting tired or needing a break. Your heart is so powerful that in just one hour, it can produce enough energy to life nearly a tonne of weight a yard above the ground and beats approximately 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 times a year. Blood enters the heart through the vena cava. The inferior vena cava brings in blood from the body and the superior vena cava brings in blood from the head. From the vena cava, blood moves into the right atrium which then sends the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. The right ventricle then sends blood through pulmonary the pulmonary semi lunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk and then into the pulmonary arteries which take the blood to the lungs. Blood must travel to the lungs to gather oxygen. The pulmonary veins carry the oxygen rich blood back to the heart and into the left atrium. The blood is then sent to the left ventricle and then to the aorta where it is pumped into the aorta and to the rest of the body. The heart does not receive oxygen from the blood that runs through it; it receives blood from coronary arteries. When a coronary artery is blocked, it causes a lack of oxygen to the heart and the heart will die. However, a blockage in a coronary artery does not always cause a heart attack; it can also cause angina. Angina causes chest pain and pain to the left arm and shoulder. If an individual experiences these symptoms, they should see a physician as soon as possible as surgery may be needed to clear the blockage. Heart rate is how many times your heart beats per minute. Heart rate is determined by how hard the heart has to work to move blood through the body; the harder the heart has to work, the higher the heart rate. Heart rate is lowest at rest and highest when stressed. To check your heart rate, find your pulse. You can find your pulse in your wrist (radial artery), neck (carotid artery), back of knee (Popliteal artery), inside of elbow (brachial artery), and in the groin (femoral artery). The wrist and neck are the most common places to find your pulse. Once you have found your pulse, count how many times your heart beats for fifteen seconds then multiply that number by four. This number represents how many times your heart beats per minute. Average resting heart rate is usually between seventy and eighty beats per minute unless you are Lance Armstrong; he was known to have a resting heart rate of thirty-two to thirty-four beats per minute. Even though the Ancient Greeks believed that blood vessels carried air, vessels carry blood. You have so many blood vessels in your body that one square inch of skin contains three yards of blood vessels, and if all the blood vessels of the body were laid out end to end they could go around the equator at least two and a half times. Oxygenated blood travels through arteries. Artery walls have three layers; the first layer is squamous epithelium called tunica intima. The middle layer is the thickest of the three layers and is made up of smooth muscle that can contract to regulate blood pressure and flow; it is called tunica media. The outer layer of artery walls is made of fibrous connective tissue close to the middle layer but is loose connective tissue farther from the middle layer. The outer layer is known as tunica adventitia. Arteries branch into smaller arterioles. Arterioles are arteries that are barely visible to the naked eye. They are under 0.5mm in diameter. Arterioles branch into capillaries which are extremely small. Capillary walls are only one cell thick; in fact, capillaries are so small that it takes ten of them to make up the width of one human hair. Even though capillaries are very small, they form vast networks. Capillaries are so important because Oxygen and nutrients like glucose are exchanged through them and to the body. Veins take blood back to the heart. First, venules, small veins, take blood from capillaries and into a vein. The structure of vein walls is quite similar but vein walls are thinner. Because most veins have to travel upwards to reach the heart, they have to fight gravity to get the blood back up there so veins come equipped with valves which keep blood from flowing downwards. Veins that carry blood from the head do not have valves because blood coming from the head does not have to fight the force of gravity. If valves dont close properly it can cause major problems; this is called venous reflux disease. If the veins dont close, deoxygenated blood cant get back to the heart. This causes severe tissue damage. Symptoms include aching, burning, swelling, itching, discolouration and ulcers. There are approximately five litres of blood in the human body and it is the glue that holds the cardiovascular system together; without it there would be no need for a heart of blood vessels. Blood carries oxygen, fights infection and stops bleeding and only two parts of the body can survive without blood: the lens and cornea of the eye. Blood is made up of three parts: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow and there are approximately 5,000,000 red blood cells in just one drop of blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Red blood cells that carry oxygen are red and red blood cells that carry carbon dioxide are purple. They are shaped like concave disks. Sometimes the body does not have enough red blood cells and this causes anemia. Anemia is usually caused by a lack of iron. Symptoms include lack of energy and a pale skin colour. White blood cells also originate from the bone marrow. White blood cells are translucent and have a nucleus. White blood cells use proteins and enzymes to fight infections. There are five types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes. Though most white blood cells only live for a short time, some live for months or even years. Platelets are tiny cell fragments that are born in the bone marrow with red and white blood cells. Platelets aid in clotting so when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets come to the rescue and seal the leak. Sometimes, platelets dont do their job and cause hemophilia. What that means is clotting does not occur so the slightest bump can cause bleeding to joints. This can cause nerve damage and muscular atrophy. Though strokes affect the brain, they are really a problem with the circulatory system. They are caused when platelets do their job a little too well and cause a blockage to an artery leading to the head (usually the carotid artery). If an artery leading to the head is blocked, the brain cannot receive oxygen and this causes a portion of the brain to die. Individuals suffering from a stroke usually have early warning signs like numbness, blindness or slurred speech. Those warning signs usually exist even after a stroke and a stroke can even cause paralysis but these effects are not permanent. After a stroke, the individual can usually be rehabilitated and the damaged portion of the brain can again become functional but the person may never be the same again. A common problem with the circulatory system is hypertension. Hypertension is better known has high blood pressure. Though hypertension is usually caused by smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, or diabetes, it can also be hereditary. A sphygmomanometer-better known as a blood pressure cuff- measures blood pressure-two pressures, actually. The blood pressure cuff measures systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is high when the ventricles have contracted and diastolic is low when the ventricles have relaxed. If your diastolic pressure is greater than ninety or systolic pressure is greater than one-hundred-forty, you have high blood pressure. High blood pressure is often called a silent killer which means most people arent aware they have it until they have a heart attack of stroke. Medications and life style changes can help control blood pressure but the best way to control it is to keep a healthy diet (low in salt), exercise regularly and have your blood pressure checked on a regular basis. Arrhythmia is a heart condition. It is basically just an irregular heartbeat. Common symptoms are heart palpitations or pounding in the chest; that means your heart is beating irregularly fast. Other symptoms include light headedness, fainting, shortness of breath and fatigue; these are symptoms of your heart beating irregularly slow. If your heart is beating too slowly, your brain does not receive enough oxygen and neither does the rest of your body. Sometimes, surgeries can be done to get the heart to beat regularly but they arent always successful. More common treatments include medications and life style changes. The very best thing you can do for your cardiovascular system is exercise regularly and be sure to have a healthy diet. This will help to prevent disorders in the cardiovascular system but does not always keep them from occurring. Though many things can go wrong with the cardiovascular system, worse things would happen without it and all life on earth as we know it would end. Blood goes on a journey so spectacular that none of us can experience it.

Was He Just a Man? Essay -- American History, Jefferson Davis

â€Å"I worked night and day for twelve years to prevent the war, but I could not. The North was mad and blind, would not let us govern ourselves, and so the war came† (Thinkexist 6). These words were spoken by Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America. Although he was president of the confederacy, he was opposed to secession and spoke for peace between north and south before the beginning of the war. The effects of Jefferson Davis’s accomplishments can still be felt today. Jefferson Davis was born in June 3rd, 1808 (McGill 2). At age seven he was sent to a Dominican boy’s school in Kentucky (Jefferson Davis 3). When he was thirteen, he went to Transylvania College in Kentucky (McGill 3). He accepted a nomination to West Point in 1824 (McGill 3). He graduated twenty-third in his class of thirty-nine; he also had a total of 327 demerits on his record (McGill 3). If Jefferson Davis had never gone to school as a young child, he would have never received a nomination to West Point. Without his West Point schooling, he wouldn’t have gone into the military, which would have changed everything in his life. He never would have met his two wives. If he didn’t meet them, he wouldn’t have gotten into politics which, would have rewritten history. After his school he went into the army as a lieutenant. He served in the Black Hawk War (McGill 4). The Black Hawk War was a war between the U.S. and Sac and Fox Indians (Lewis 1). The war began when these Indian tribes left their reservation in Iowa to return to their homes in Illinois (Lewis 1). Upon hearing that the Indians had left their reservation, citizens broke into widespread panic (Lewis 1). There was only one major battle during the Black Hawk War; it was the battle... ...d never have been appointed to Secretary of War. What if Jefferson Davis wasn’t chosen for the Confederate presidency? Davis’s role in the success that the Confederacy achieved against a nation much more superior in numbers and resources was enormous. First of all, even though he was too noisy in military affairs, he often helped. Lastly, he held the south together until the end of the war, which allowed the south to fight for much longer and continue with a fighting chance. Even though Jefferson Davis was a strong supporter of the south, he tried to keep the south from seceding, as stated in his quote, â€Å"I worked night and day for twelve years to prevent the war, but I could not. The North was mad and blind, would not let us govern ourselves, and so the war came† This quote shows how hard Jefferson Davis tried to keep the union together (Thinkexist 6).

Education in Pakistan Essay

The existing education delivery system is not meeting the needs and aspirations of the society as such particularly, it is a challenge to the provinces and districts for the 21st century. Moreover, prior to devolution, the policy and planning have been undertaken by the central and provincial governments without taking into account the ground realities and without the participation of community. The main objectives of the devolution plan is to empower the community at the grassroots level in planning, management, resource mobilization and utilization, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the education  system to improve the service delivery at that level. The main inherent issues of education systems are: †¢teachers absenteeism, †¢high drop out rates particularly at primary level, †¢high repetition rates, †¢low completion rates, †¢inequalities by gender, †¢location and social groups, †¢low literacy rate and †¢unsatisfactory performance of schools, these issues have been addressed under DOP through empowerment of local communities. The present government has initiated political and administrative devolution under its reforms agenda under Local Government Plan 2000. The Local Government Ordinance was promulgated on 14th August 2001. Under devolution, political power, decision-making authority, and administrative responsibilities have been moved as closes as possible to the village, union council, tehsil and district levels, with only the major policy-making, coordination, and special service functions being retained with the central and provincial governments. The main purpose of the devolution is to improve the service delivery at the grass root level in various sectors. It is believed that highly centralized system of education is greatly hampering the efficiency and effectiveness of delivery service at the grass-root level. Successive governments  addressed this problem in their policies and plans since 1947. The present government has envisioned with a clear commitment to reform a number of aspects of education system framed within the 1998-2010 National Education Policy and ten year perspective development plan 2001-2011 to increase educational opportunities for all children, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of delivery service at grass root level. ESR is an Action Plan for 2001-2005, has been fully integrated into the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and about 80% of the ESR packages covers adult literacy, Education for All and technical education. Devolution plan is the mainframe for implementation of ESR. The education sector reforms (ESRs) have been design to address the following areas of education system: 1. Comprehensive literacy and poverty reduction program. 2. Expansion of primary elementary education. 3. Introduction of technical stream at the secondary level. 4. Improving the quality of education through teacher training. 5. Higher education sector reforms. 6. Public-private partnership. 7. Innovative programs. POLICIES AND GOALS OF EDUCATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN: Since independence, attempts have been made to relate the education system to the needs  and inspirations of the country. All Education Conference was held in 1947 as per directives of the founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He provided the basic guidelines for the future development of education by emphasizing interalia, that the education system should suit the genius of our people, consonant with our history, culture and instill the highest sense of honor, integrity, responsibility, and selfless service to the nation. It should also provide scientific and technical knowledge to build up our economic life. This was followed by the appointment of various commissions, which submitted their  reports periodically. The 1959 Report of the Commission on National Education enjoys a peculiar position in the history of educational reforms. There were several other commissions and policy statements up to 1973. In 1973 the civilian democratic government came up with a 1973 constitution which provided that the state shall: (a) promote unity and observance of the Islamic moral standards; (b) promote with special care the educational and economic interests of backward areas; (c) remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period; (d) make technical and professional education generally available and higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of merit; (e) enable the people of different areas, through education , training, agriculture and industrial development , and other methods to participate fully in all form of national activities including employment in the services of Pakistan; (f) ensure full participation of women in all the spheres of national life. The above-mentioned goals were pursued by various policy documents announced by subsequent governments who came into power from time to time. Each policy stressed on: (a) Islamic ideology and character building; (b) the universalization of primary education and promotion of literacy; (c) science education; (d) quality of education; and (e) reduction in inequalities of educational facilities. Formal System of Education in Pakistan. In formal education system, there are a number of stages, which are illustrated in the diagram in Annexure-I as described briefly below: Pre Primary Schooling: Pre-primary education is functional and managed in schools through out country. Public schools provide pre-primary education as part of socialization process. The students attending pre-primary class are called Kachi. National Education EFA Action Plan Policy, 1998-2010 provided recognition to Kachi class as proxy for early childhood education. According to National Education Policy, 1998-2010, the Kachi class will be introduced as formal class in the primary schools. The age group for pre-primary is 5. Primary Schooling: This stage consists of five classes I-V and enrolls children of age 5-9 years. Since independence, the policy makers pronounced to make primary education free and compulsory. According to Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 1998-99, the gross  participation rate was 71 percent in 1999, for male it was 80 percent and for female it was 61 percent. For urban female it was 92 and for rural it was 50 percent. The lowest participation rate observed for rural female in Sindh Province that was 33 percent. The net enrolment rate was 42 percent, for urban male it was 47 percent and 37 percent for rural female. Middle Schooling: The middle schooling is of three years duration and comprised of class VI, VII and VIII. The age group is 10-12 years. The participation rate at middle school was about 34 percent during 2000-2001. Males were 36 percent and females were 33 percent. High Schooling: The high school children stay for two years in classes IX and X. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education conducts the examination. A certificate of secondary school is awarded to the successful candidates. The participation rate at high school was about 22 percent in 2000-2001 of which, 24 percent were males and 20 percent were females. Vocational Education is normally offered in high schooling. There are varieties of trades offered to the students and after completion of the course they get jobs as carpenters, masons, mechanics, welders, electrician, refrigeration and similar other trades. There are 498 vocational institutions with an enrolment of about 88 thousand in 2001-2002. Higher Secondary Education: The higher secondary stage is also called the â€Å"intermediate stage† and is considered a part of college education. Higher Secondary Education consists of classes XI to XII. During two years stay in this cycle of education, a student at the age of 16 years in this stage can opt for general education, professional education or technical education. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) conducts the examination and awards a Certificate of Higher Secondary School Education (HSSC). According to 1979 Education Policy, all schools were to be upgraded to higher Secondary Schools. Middle sections of high schools were to be linked with primary schools (designating elementary education). This system has limited success and some problems were experienced. Keeping in view the problems this system is being introduced gradually. Higher Education: To obtain a degree, 4 years of higher education after 10 years of primary and secondary schooling is required. Students who pass their first-degree stage are awarded a Bachelor’s degree in arts or science, typically at the age of 19 years. In order to complete an honors course at Bachelor’s degree level an additional one year’s study is required. Further, a two years course is required for Master’s degrees who have completed two years Bachelors’ degree. A doctoral degree requires normally 3 years of study after the completion of a master’s degree course. Professional and Technical Education: The duration of post secondary education varies in technical and professional fields. The polytechnic diploma is a three-year course. A bachelor’s degree in medicine (MBBS) requires 5 years of study after intermediate stage (12 years of schooling). Similarly, a bachelor’s degree course both in engineering and veterinary medicine is of 4 years’ duration after the intermediate examination. Madrassah Education: Side by side with modern education system there is also religious education system, which provides Islamic education. These institutions have their own management system without interference from either the provincial or federal governments. However, grants-in-aid are provided to these institutions by the government. During 2000 there were 6761 religious institutions with an enrollment of 934,000, of which 132,000 were female students in 448  institutions (Khan, 2002). Efforts have been made by the present government to bring the Madrassah in the mainstream under Education Sector Reforms. The main purpose of mainstreaming Madrassah is to enlarge employment opportunities for their graduates. Pakistan Madrassah Education Boards are established to regulate the Madaris activities. Non-formal Education: There are millions of people in Pakistan who have no access to formal education system. It is not possible for the formal system to meet educational needs of the rapidly growing population. Non-formal Basic Education School scheme has been introduced for those who  have no access to formal education. This scheme is very cost-effective. Under this scheme primary education course is taught in forty months. Non-formal schools are opened in those areas where formal schools are not available. Government provides teacher’s salary and teaching material whereas community provides school building/room. There are 6371 NFBE schools functioning in the country. Examinations: Examinations are usually held annually, which are the main criterion to promote the students to higher classes or to retain them in the same class. However, recently a system  of automatic promotion up-to grade-III has been introduced in some schools. In the primary classes, examinations are conducted by the respective schools. However, at the end of the fifth year of the primary stage a public examination is held by the education department for promotion to the next grade. Another examination is held for the outstanding students to compete for the award of merit scholarships. Similarly, the examination in Middle Schools are held by the individual schools but there is a public examination at the end of grade VIII conducted by the Education Department for awarding of scholarships. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) conducts the examinations of Secondary and Higher Secondary. The degree level examinations are conducted by the respective universities. Teachers’ Training: In Pakistan, there are 90 Colleges of Elementary Education which offer teachers’ training programs for Primary Teaching Certificate (PTC) and Certificate in Teaching (CT) to primary school teachers. For secondary school teachers, there are 16 Colleges of Education, offering graduate degrees in education and there are departments of education in 9 universities which train teachers at the master’s level. There are only 4 institutions which offer in-service teachers’ training. Besides these, the Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, offers a very comprehensive teachers’ training program based on distance learning; its total enrolment is about 10,000 per annum of which 7,000 complete various courses every year Private Education Sector: Private sector involvement in education is encouraging. The Federal Bureau of Statistics survey (1999-2000) indicates that there are 36,096 private educational institutions in Pakistan. About 61 percent of the institutions are in urban areas and 39 percent in rural  areas. The percentage share of private sector in enrollment is 18 percent at primary school level, 16 percent at middle school level and 14 percent at high school level. It has been observed that most of the private schools select their own curricula and textbooks, which are not in conformity with public schools. Majority of the schools are â€Å"English Medium† which attracts the parents for sending their children to these schools. Most of the schools are overcrowded and do not have adequate physical facilities. These schools are usually charging high fees from the students. Most of the schools are  unregistered; therefore, in most cases the certificates issued by these institutions are not recognized by public schools. Majority of these institutions are functioning in the rented buildings. The National Education Policy 1998-2010 proposed that there shall be regulatory bodies at the national and provincial levels to regulate activities and smooth functioning of privately managed schools and institutions of higher education through proper rules and regulations. A reasonable tax rebate shall be granted on the expenditure incurred on the setting up of educational facilities by the private sector. Grants-in-Aid for specific purposes shall be provided to private institutions. Setting up of private technical institutions shall be encouraged. Matching grants shall be provided for establishing educational institutions by the private sector in the rural areas or poor urban areas through Education Foundation. In rural areas, schools shall be established through public-private partnership schemes. The government shall not only provide free land to build the school but also bear a reasonable proportion of the cost of construction and management. Liberal loan facilities shall be  extended to private educational institutions by financial institutions. Despite all shortcomings of private education mentioned above, PIHS survey indicates that enrolment rates in public schools have declined since 1995-96 particularly a large decline has been observed in rural areas. It is generally perceived by parents that quality of education in private schools are better than the public schools, therefore, those parents who can afford prefer to send their children to private schools. These trends indicate that the public education system is unable to meet public demand for providing quality education in  the country. Administrative and Supervisory Structure and Operation According to the Constitution of Pakistan (1973), the Federal Government is entrusted the responsibility for policy, planning, and promotion of educational facilities in the federating units. This responsibility is in addition to the overall policymaking, coordinating and advisory authority; otherwise, education is the provincial subject. The Federal Ministry of Education administers the educational institutions located in the federal capital territory. Universities located in various provinces are administered by the provincial governments, but are exclusively funded by the federal government through the Higher Education Commission. The Federal Ministry of Education is headed by the Minister of Education. The most senior civil servant in the Ministry is the Education Secretary assisted by Joint Secretary and Joint Educational Advisors of each wing. There are 6 wings in the Federal Ministry of Education and each wing is headed by Joint Educational Advisor The provincial Education Departments are headed by their respective Provincial Education Ministers. The civil servant in charge of the department is the Provincial Education Secretary. The provinces are further divided into districts for the purpose of administration. The head of the Education Department in a district is Executive District Officer (EDO). Literacy Department functions separately in case of Punjab and Sindh only it is headed by Executive District Officer (EDO) literacy. In the Provinces of NWFP and Balochistan, literacy is the part of Education Department. The hierarchy then runs down to the District Education Officer, Sub-district Education Officer, Supervisors or Assistant Sub-district Education Officers . At the grass root level (the union council level), Learning Coordinators (LCs) provide academic guidance as well as supervise the schools. The administrative structure has been decentralized under the Devolution Plan. Village Education Committees (VECs)/ School Management Committees (SMCs) have been set up in the provinces at grass root level. Present Scenario of Education in Pakistan The government of Pakistan recognized that education is the basic right of every citizen; therefore, access to education for every citizen is crucial for economic development and for poverty alleviation. The present government has given much importance to education sector it has not only emphasized raising the present literacy rate but also emphasized improving the quality of education. The overall estimated literacy rate was 50. 5 percent, for male 63 percent and for female 38 percent during 2001-2002. Urban literacy rate was 70 percent and rural literacy rate is 30 percent during the same period. Pakistan net primary enrolment rate was 66 percent (male 82 percent, female 50 percent) and gross enrolment rate was 78 percent (male 91 percent, female 64 percent) during 2000-01. About 45 percent children who enrolled in grade-1 drop out before completing primary education cycle (male drop out 45 percent, female drop out 54 percent). There are about 4 million children of 5-9 age group who are left out of school. The left out includes those children who never enrolled and those who drop out. Enrolment at primary level was 16. 63 million during 2000-01. The gross enrolment at middle level was 34 percent, male 36 percent and female 33 percent in 2000-01. The gross enrolment at secondary level was 22 percent, 20 percent for female and 24 percent for male. The total number of Arts and Science colleges were 916 (male 536 and female 380) with the enrolment of 763,000 during 2000-01. There are 68 universities in Pakistan with the enrolment of 1. 1 million. Out of the total universities, 40 universities are managed by public sector. There are 203,439 educational institutions in Pakistan of which 36,096 institutions are run private sector and the share of the private sector is about 18 percent. The major issues and challenges of the education system include †¢low literacy rate, †¢high dropout rate, †¢wide spread teacher absenteeism, †¢weak management and supervision structure,  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢shortage of trained and qualified teachers specially female, †¢lack of teachers dedication, †¢motivation and interest in their profession and †¢lack of physical facilities. †¢Moreover the curriculum is mostly outdated, irrelevant and does not fulfill the requirements of present day. Education For All (EFA): Education For All refers to the global commitment to ensure that by 2015 all children would complete primary education of good quality (Universal Primary Completion), and that gender disparity would be eliminated in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and no later than 2015. This commitment was made at the World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal in April 2000 and reaffirmed in the Millennium declaration in New York in September 2000. The Government of Pakistan is attaching top priority to EFA. The country has ten year Perspective Development Plan (2001-11) to visualize the long term macro-economic and sectoral growth strategies, Poverty Reduction and Human Development is the priority area of the Plan. Sector-wide development approach covering all the sectors of education has been adopted under the Perspective Plan. In order to address the EFA implications linkage  plan focusing on development of other sectors of Education has also been prepared. Nearly 80% of the ESR covers different goals of Education for All by 2015, reducing illiteracy by 50 percent with a focus on reducing the gender gap by 2015, life skills and learning opportunities for youth and adults; and early childhood education. The targeted groups for EFA goals belong to disadvantaged communities with minimal opportunities. These groups are highly vulnerable, without access to learning facilities, or public sector facilities, which are functioning at sub-optimal levels.

Free Essays on Rise And Decline Of Persia, Greece (era Of The Polis), And Republican Rome

History is often a story that always turns out to be cyclical in nature. With every changing and sometimes the decline of civilizations we must consider important factors or otherwise known as matrix factors. With the onset of the empire we must first look to the Persians (625 BCE- 486 BCE). This empire was vast and expanded from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River. Thus the actual geography ranged from coastal to arid dessert which was rich in semi precious stones, gold, silver and copper which would prove very useful when Darius decides to mint his own gold coins for currency. Compared to the Greek Polis city states (800 BCE- 300 BCE) which was predominately coastal had a rocky terrain. Farmers and Sheppard were seen as the backbone of society even though the merchants kept the city wealthy. The influx of trade and commerce was vital to the Polis, without it Greece would surely starve, as Greece was already in a constant state of overpopulation. The Greeks of the polis were im planted in the land that they cultivated and owned, it was a way of life. Unlike the Persian Empire that sought out to merely dominant and conquers as much land and people as possible the Greek polis was not a place but a group of people that identified with one another. Persians had an empire of a various array of peoples, they had horseback messengers on roads that they built (that would later be used by the Romans), a centralized government that was a kingship, and subjects that were allowed to continue native customs –such as the Jews. The every strong feelings of appealing to the general populace was also very evident in the roman empire with Tiberius, trying to limit land ownership. Greeks had a different view, if you were not of the polis you were nothing to society and could be killed at will. The Roman republic (27 BCE- 500 CE) has distinct similarities with the Persian Empire, even though the Persian Empire was long gone before the Romans wer... Free Essays on Rise And Decline Of Persia, Greece (era Of The Polis), And Republican Rome Free Essays on Rise And Decline Of Persia, Greece (era Of The Polis), And Republican Rome History is often a story that always turns out to be cyclical in nature. With every changing and sometimes the decline of civilizations we must consider important factors or otherwise known as matrix factors. With the onset of the empire we must first look to the Persians (625 BCE- 486 BCE). This empire was vast and expanded from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River. Thus the actual geography ranged from coastal to arid dessert which was rich in semi precious stones, gold, silver and copper which would prove very useful when Darius decides to mint his own gold coins for currency. Compared to the Greek Polis city states (800 BCE- 300 BCE) which was predominately coastal had a rocky terrain. Farmers and Sheppard were seen as the backbone of society even though the merchants kept the city wealthy. The influx of trade and commerce was vital to the Polis, without it Greece would surely starve, as Greece was already in a constant state of overpopulation. The Greeks of the polis were im planted in the land that they cultivated and owned, it was a way of life. Unlike the Persian Empire that sought out to merely dominant and conquers as much land and people as possible the Greek polis was not a place but a group of people that identified with one another. Persians had an empire of a various array of peoples, they had horseback messengers on roads that they built (that would later be used by the Romans), a centralized government that was a kingship, and subjects that were allowed to continue native customs –such as the Jews. The every strong feelings of appealing to the general populace was also very evident in the roman empire with Tiberius, trying to limit land ownership. Greeks had a different view, if you were not of the polis you were nothing to society and could be killed at will. The Roman republic (27 BCE- 500 CE) has distinct similarities with the Persian Empire, even though the Persian Empire was long gone before the Romans wer...

Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability Essay Example

Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability Essay Example Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability Essay Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability Essay Essay Topic: Gun Control Introduction to Transaction Management Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Introduction to Transaction Management A transaction is a sequence of operations of the database that are organized in a basic unit where databases are kept reliable and consistent. A database is said to be consistent when it has the following features; it has referential integrity, it maintains entity integrity and if it remains within the constraints set by the domain values. Moreover, a database should remain consistent before the execution of a transaction and after. During the execution of a transaction, a database should be in an inconsistent state where no other transaction should be exposed to it. Regardless of the number of transactions accessing the database, it should always remain in a consistent state[1]. The reliability of a database is determined by its capability to recover and its resiliency. A transaction is a sequence of operations involving the commands of reading and writing on a database. For instance an SQL statement is regarded as a transaction, a program that is enclosed by the commands ‘Begin-transaction’ and ‘end’ is also a transaction. A transaction can be terminated by commands of committing it or rolling it back. If a transaction is committed, it has been successfully completed and if it is rolled back, it has been aborted. The commit command makes the effect of the operations of the database permanent and the results can be viewed by all other transactions. The rollback command on the other hand has the effect of undoing the operations and restoring the database to the state it was before the transaction was executed[2]. Transactions can fail to complete for three reasons. They could be aborted by the management system, either if the system crashes or if the transaction aborts itself. When this occurs, the effects of the transaction should be undone. This helps the user to forget about the undone transaction as it has already been taken care of. However, if a transaction is completed it should be durable and its effects should last. The database management system log ensures the undoing of incomplete transactions where necessary. A database must ensure that four very important qualities of a transaction are fulfilled. These are atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. All transactions should be atomic, meaning that they are supposed to either happen or not. All transactions should run by themselves and should be consistent. By default, the database management system assumes that the transactions are consistent. Transactions should be isolated from the effects of other transactions that are executable concurrently. The effects of the transaction should be consistent once the user is notified of their success even in the event of the crashing of the system. A user is usually responsible for the consistency of their transaction. If a database is in a consistent state when the transaction is beginning, the database should remain in the same state after the transaction is over. The management system for the database does the work of enforcing the commands and other constraints that the transactions should operate on. Every transaction sees the database as consistent. The user issues commands that prompt transactions and assume that each transaction shall be executed by itself; however, the management system of the database arranges the actions to be performed concurrently. The total effect shows the user that the many transactions that they have tasked the system to perform have been executed one after the other[3]. Since transactions are seen as series of read and write commands by the management system, a list of actions is developed. The management system also specifies if the transaction is to be committed or aborted. A schedule is created by the management system for transactions. The schedule is a list of actions, whether read, commit, write or abort that are attributed to a set of transactions. The order in which they happen in the schedule is similar to how they occur in the transaction. The schedule is also seen as an execution sequence of a set of transactions. The schedule describes actions as they are seen by the management system. Transactions are of different types and can be classified according to different classifications. By applications, transactions can be regular or distributed transactions. The transactions can also be compensating or heterogeneous. A compensating transaction has the purpose of undoing the effects of previous transactions. A heterogeneous transaction on the other hand has the runs in a heterogeneous database. By duration, transactions can be classified as short-life or on-line transactions or as Batch or long-life transactions. By structure, there are nested transactions and traditional flat structured transactions[4]. There are other types of transactions, for instance, a sub-transaction is a transaction that must begin after its parent transaction and end before its parent transaction. This means that the commit or abort command of this kind of transaction depends on its parent. The sub-transactions that exist within one parent are executable in parallel. The sub transactions have a special feature of recovering from failures independently without affecting the rest of the database and other transactions. Bibliography Chorafas, Dimitris. Transaction management: managing complex transactions and sharing distributed databases. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. Gray, Jim and Andreas Reuter. Transaction processing: concepts and techniques. New York, NY: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993. Ozsu, Tamer, and Patrick Valduriez. Principles of Distributed Database Systems. New York, NY: Springer, 2011. Saake, Gunter and Kerstin Schwarz. Transactions and database dynamics. New York, NY: Springer, 2000. [1] Dimitris Chorafas, Transaction management: managing complex transactions and sharing distributed databases (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), 98.

Evolution of Roles and Societal Perspectives on Aging Essay

Evolution of Roles and Societal Perspectives on Aging - Essay Example Before the World War II there appeared many new theories on aging that have a quite different view on it. The role theory that was applied before the war time had the following critical elements: older people do not just waste there time - but get new experience and find new meaning in life. It also claims that the majority of aged people do not want to lessen their role’s significance. The proponents of this theory also claimed that roles become vaguer with aging. The post war period was signified with the new theory on aging – disengagement. It says that because of â€Å"inevitable declines with age, people become decreasingly involved with the outer world and become more interior in anticipation of death† (Bath 2003). This theory also explained the transition of power from the old to the young. The next theory to consider is the continuity theory. It claims that with aging a person works out some new patterns of behavior and the life satisfaction depends greatly on how these patterns correlate with the past experience. The hypothesis of the continuity theory is: central personality traits become more pronounced with age or they are retained without many changes (Moody, 2006). One can make a deduction here that those people age successfully who keep to their habitual roles in life. The modernization theory that appeared in the 80’s defines four elements that encourage economic development: urbanization, education, techological changes and development, and economic production growth. As a result of these four factors interwork the theory deducts that while in traditional societies the role of older people is still active, in modern societies they lose all the power and do not bring any advancement to it. Modernization brings about deterioration of small and cosy communities where older people played sagnificant role. Moreover, modernization adds to

Racial Harassment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Racial Harassment - Article Example   According to the Giuffre and Williams study (1994), one of the four contexts in which the respondents identified actions as being examples of sexual harassment reinforces the idea of dominance as it refers to the exploitation of a powerful position for personal gain. In a situation in which the majority race controls many of the lucrative and influential social positions, racial harassment might be seen as being used to reinforce that dominant position. It highlights the fact that the harasser is in a position to get away with actions that are unfair because of his membership of the majority and powerful race. The psychological effect of this on the victim is great. Researchers have been examining the connection between post-traumatic stress disorder and the effects of racial harassment on the victim. Racial harassment has been considered by some of these psychologists as an injury that behaves like a disorder (Carter, 2003). When reinforcing words by a member of the powerful maj ority are used in a situation in which the subordinate position of the victim is already evident, the harassment has the violating effect of legitimizing the victim’s subordination and making him or she feel that the unjust relationship between the races is the correct one. In this way, racial harassment certainly exposes its usefulness in keeping the subordinate group in mental and physical subjection to the oppression of the dominant race. Another of the four contexts in the Giuffre and Williams study (1994) depicted racial harassment in which a member of a minority racial group harassed a member of the majority group. This offers a new perspective on the topic, because it seems to demonstrate a situation in which racial harassment occurs not as an attempt by the dominant race to keep the subordinate one submissive, but rather as a (possible) reaction by a member of the subordinate race to the oppressive nature of the race relations in his or her environment. This can be seen in the case of a minority man’s harassing a white woman.

Blood Donation Marketing analysis Research Paper

Blood Donation Marketing analysis - Research Paper Example The collected blood will be supplied to the military camps, churches, community organizations etc for emergency purposes ( American Red Cross, 2010).The guidelines, benefits of the blood donation camp are available for free through social media networks like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter (Donate Blood, 2013d). Weakness Recruitment of first time blood donors require extensive identification, education and motivation. Training, educating and motivation these first time blood donors consumes a lot of time (Red Cross, 2010). The trainers have to maintain a record of the first time blood donors since the repeat donors are already provided with an identity card by the blood organizer camp. Apart from time consumption, the blood organizers have to deal with the pre donation anxiety and nervousness of the first time blood donors. Opportunity The benefits about blood donation are being taught to the college children, this has eased the task of the blood donation camps to communicate the benefits of blood donation. Technological development has made it easier for the blood donors to schedule their appointments online (Donate Blood, 2013e).... †¢To develop an integrated marketing communication strategy which motivates current, non and lapsed donors in the target market to increase their blood donations in 2013-14. †¢To improve and increase blood donation accessibility for the 18-24 year-old age group in 2013-14. Issue Analysis In Australia, marketing effort is aimed at attracting and maintaining sufficient numbers of regular, volunteer blood donors in the under-represented age group of 18 to 24 year-olds. It is essential that the Australian Red Cross Blood Service ensures are reasonable and safe blood supply throughout the year. Each week, at least 27,000, blood donations, are required to assist people with serious blood illnesses (e.g., cancer, blood diseases), surgical patients (e.g., open heart surgery, burns), kidney disease patients, pregnant women and traumatic accident patients (Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 2013). Only a relatively small percentage of the eligible population within the 18-24 year-ol d age group donates blood on a regular basis. Furthermore, eligible donors often lapse in their blood donating behaviour after their blood donation. Marketing Strategy Arranging for a blood donation campaign is a challenging task and requires intensive market study, planning and psychological analysis of the blood donors. An effective marketing strategy needs to be developed to ensure the smooth functioning of the blood donation campaign. Marketing Objective To encourage blood donation among individuals aged between 18 to 24 years old from the period 01 July 2013 to 30 June 2014. Budget Allocation The allocated budget for the blood donation campaign would be AUD20 million which would be required to cover the research process, media, medical equipments, advertising